Research Article |
Corresponding author: Armen Seropian ( armen.seropiani@iliauni.edu.ge ) Academic editor: Nils Hein
© 2023 Armen Seropian, Natalia Bulbulashvili, Stefan Otto, Hans-Joachim Krammer, Nino Kachlishvili, Anastasia Datunashvili.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Seropian A, Bulbulashvili N, Otto S, Krammer H-J, Kachlishvili N, Datunashvili A (2023) Picking pearls from the Silk Road: Insights into the spider (Arachnida, Araneae) diversity in Georgia from the Caucasus Barcode of life project. Part II. Caucasiana 2: 231-297. https://doi.org/10.3897/caucasiana.2.e110536
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Abstract
Spiders collected during field trips and by spontaneous hand collection throughout Georgia between the years 2006 and 2023 were determined to species and partially assisted by genetic barcoding of the COI gene. Among the resulting 297 species, 100 species, 25 genera, and 1 family were recorded from Georgia for the first time, of which 18 species and 5 genera were recorded for the first time from the entire Caucasus. Of the 283 barcoded specimens representing 150 species, 26 were barcoded for the first time. 140 diagnostic drawings of 76 preserved specimens, along with photos of 15 preserved (Supplementary File) and one alive species, are provided. Baryphyma proclive (Simon, 1884), Pritha pallida (Kulczyński, 1897), and Zelotes khostensis Kovblyuk & Ponomarev, 2008 are indicated as the species with an Italo-Caucasian disjunctive distribution.
Aranei, biodiversity, faunistics, new records, South Caucasus
It is widely accepted that the Great Silk Road route connected China with Central, East, South, Southeast, and West Asia, East Africa, and Southern Europe. Additionally, there is evidence that at least Western Georgia was highly involved in trading, the so-called northern branch of the Great Silk Road (
The main part of the studied material was collected within the framework of the Caucasus Barcode of Life (CaBOL) project, being the most ambitious arthropod inventories ever performed in Georgia by the members of the GGBC (Georgian-German Biodiversity Center) and the CaBOL team of the Institute of Ecology, Ilia State University (https://ggbc.eu/). Most of the samples were collected during expeditions and short trips to different parts of Georgia (including both protected and unprotected) via aspirators, soil sifters, hand collecting, and beating methods. Sampling details are given below.
Collected specimens were preserved in 96% ethanol and stored in a freezer under -22˚C at the scientific collections of Ilia State University (Georgia, Tbilisi), Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK) (Germany, Bonn), and the personal collection of Stefan Otto (Germany, Leipzig). Unique ID numbers of the preserved material (CaBOL-ID, ZFMK-TIS, and KVS/KBS) indicate the depositories (Ilia State University, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, and the personal collection of Stefan Otto, respectively). Identification was done by the authors using literature sources on Caucasian spiders (see list in
Genomic DNA was extracted from the sample tissue using the Quick-DNA Miniprep PlusKit (Zymo Research) (for 25 mg of tissue). Partial sequences of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the primer pairs LCOI490-JJ and HCO2198-JJ (Astrin and Stüben 2008). Thermal conditions included denaturation at 95°C for 1 min, followed by the first cycle set (15 cycles): 94°C for 30 sec, annealing at 55°C for 1 min (−1°C per cycle), and extension at 72°C for 1:30 min. Second cycle set (25 cycles): 94°C for 35 sec, 45°C for 1 min, 72°C for 1:30 min, followed by 1 cycle at 72°C for 3 min, and the final extension step at 72°C for 5 min. PCR amplicons were visualized on 1% agarose gels using 1.7 μl of PCR product. Sequencing of the unpurified PCR products in both directions was conducted at the Beijing Genomics Institute (Hong Kong, CN) by using the amplification primers. Sequence analysis was performed using Geneious Prime 2022.1.1. (http://www.geneious.com). Extracted DNA was deposited in the scientific collections of Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia, while the sequences have been submitted to Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) databases. The newly obtained DNA barcodes of COI sequences were checked against the BOLD Systems database (http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php). The Barcode Index Number (BIN) (
In total, 1091 spiders (including 499 males, 555 females, and 37 juveniles) were collected during the sampling period, comprising 297 species from 179 genera and 33 families. The 100 species marked with an asterisk (*) listed below were recorded in Georgia for the first time; among them, 18 species marked with a double asterisk (**) represent the first records in the Caucasus. The list below is given in alphabetical order.
From the collected material submitted for the barcoding pipeline, 283 quality barcodes (500 – 658 bp length barcodes, with no stop codons, indels, or deletions) representing 150 species were generated so far, of which 48 barcodes (26 species) are the first ones to be submitted to the BOLD Systems. Barcode information is given under each barcoded species listed below.
Abbreviations used are as follows: Mun. – mucipality; R. – river; Vill. – village; MT – Malaise trap; NP – National Park.
Family Cheiracanthiidae Wagner, 1887
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♂; Dedoplistskaro Mun., Vashlovani NP, Mijniskure; N41.1118°, E46.6495°; 93 m a.s.l.; meadow at Alazani R.; leg. A. Seropian; 17 Apr. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1010009 • 1♂; Kvareli Mun., Shilda Vill.; N45.7162°, E42.0043°; 513 m a.s.l.; MT; leg. GGBC/Cabol team; 24 Apr. – 1 May 2021; CaBOL-ID 1012861 • 3♀♀; N45.7162°, E42.0043°; 513 m a.s.l; MT; leg. GGBC/Cabol team; 1/14 Aug. 2021; CaBOL-Ids: 1021352, 1021353, 1021354.
Genetics. Two barcodes obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1010009 and 1021352 (BOLD:AAB7601, maximum p-distance 2.13%) had the nearest neighbors in BOLD Systems as follows: for the CaBOL-ID 1010009 C. mildei from Canada (BOLD:AAB7601, 0.31% p-distance); for the CaBOL-ID 1021352 C. mildei from Bulgaria (BOLD:AAB7601, 1.34% p-distance).
Remarks. Species with an Eastern Palaearctic distribution, introduced to North America (
GEORGIA – Kvemo Kartli • 1♂; Tetritskaro Mun., S of Manglisi; N41.67732°, E44.38353°; 1074 m a.s.l.; montane meadow; leg. S. Otto; 30 May 2009; KVS 414.
Remarks. Species with an Eastern Palaearctic distribution (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 1♂; Gori, Kvernaki Ridge; N41.9801°, E44.1907°; 611 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 14 May 2022; CaBOL-ID 1023920 (Figs
Remarks. This palaearctic species is distributed from North Africa east to Tajikistan and north to EE Rusia (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 2♀♀, 1♂; Kvareli Mun., Shilda Vill.; N45.7162°, E42.0043°; 513 m a.s.l.; in settlement, malaise trap; leg. GGBC/Cabol team; 22 Aug. – 4 Sep. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1021355, 1021356, 1021357.
Genetics. Two nearly identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1021356 and 1021357 (BOLD:AFH1071, maximum p-distance 0.61%). The identification via COI gene is not straightforward as the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems is C. frutetorum L. Koch, 1867 from Germany (BOLD:AAY8046, mean p-distance 4.54%).
Remarks. Palaearctic species distributed from Germany to Central Asia (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♂, 1♀; Lagodekhi Mun., Lagodekhi NP; N41.8525°, E46.2878°; 670 m a.s.l.; mountain forest, malaise trap; leg. G. Japoshvili and G. Kirkitadze; 28 Jul. – 5 Aug. 2014; CaBOL-IDs 1004125, 1004126. Adjara • 2♀♀; Kobuleti Mun., Kintrishi NP; N41.7294°, E42.0775°; 1020 m a.s.l.; woods at Khino monastery; leg. GGBC (CaBOL) team; 6 – 20 May 2018; CaBOL-IDs 1012734, 1012735.
Genetics. Two identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1012734 and 1012735 (BOLD:AAZ7986). This species is not present in BOLD Systems. Identification via COI barcode is not straightforward, as C. caucasica and its nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems, C. caerulescens L. Koch, 1867 from Germany and Austria (BOLD:AAZ7986), have a mean difference (p-dist) of only 1.69%.
Remarks. The distribution of the species is restricted to the Caucasus and Turkey (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♂, 1♀; Kvareli Mun., Shilda Vill.; N45.7162°, E42.0043°; 513 m a.s.l.; suburban area; MT; leg. GGBC/Cabol team; 24 – 31 Jul. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1012836, 1012859. Imereti • 1♂, 1♀; Chiatura Mun., Mandaeti Vill.; N43.3284°, E42.1756°; 770 m a.s.l.; suburban area, MT; leg. GGBC/Cabol team; 23 May – 5 Jun. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1012758, 1012759.
Genetics. Two identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1012758 and 1012759 (BOLD:AFH1498), with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems C. frutetorum from Finland (BOLD:AAY8046, mean p-distance 3.55%). There are no barcodes of C. golovatchi in BOLD Systems at the moment as we submit the first ones.
Remarks. The species is reported from the Caucasus, Turkey, and Iran (Nentwig 2023). The data retrieved from the collected material corresponds well to the known range of C. golovatchi in Georgia (
GEORGIA – Guria • 1♀; Ozurgeti Mun., Zvani Vill., Natanebi R..; N41.9349°, E41.9876°; 67 m a.s.l.; in soil litter; leg. L. Mumladze; 9 Sep. 2018; CaBOL-ID 1012774. Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti • 1♀; Tkibuli Mun., Nakerala Ridge; N42.38522°, E42.98487°; 1400 m a.s.l.; beech-fir forest; leg. S. Otto; 10 Jul. 2010; KBS 188.
Genetics. A single barcode obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1012774 (BOLD:AEJ4828) matches C. lutescens from Canada (BOLD:AAO3476, p-distance 1.26%) in BOLD Systems.
Remarks. Transpalaearctic species (WSC 2023), distributed throughout the entire Caucasus.
GEORGIA – Kvemo Kartli • 1♀; Gardabani Mun., Kumisi Vill.; N41.6009°, E44.8242°; 486 m a.s.l.; reed thicket; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 24 Sep. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1016853. Tbilisi • 1♀; Dighomi park; N41.7697°, E44.7699°; 436 m a.s.l.; meadow, under bark; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 5 Dec. 2021 (home reared from subadult); CaBOL-ID 1011128. Mtskheta-Mtianeti • 1♂, 1♀; Kazgebi Mun., S of Stepantsminda; N42.637°, E44.631°; 1745 m a.s.l.; leg. H.-J. Krammer and L. Karalashvili; 5 Jul. 2019; ZFMK-TISs-8008082, 8008083.
Genetics. Two nearly identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1016853 and 1011128 (BOLD:AAV9244, p-distance 0.46%), with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems C. neglecta from Slovenia (BOLD:AAV9244, mean p-distance 2.4%).
Remarks. Transpalaearcric species (WSC 2023), with numerous records from the whole Caucasus (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♂; Akhmeta Mun., Batsara Nature Reserve; N42.2240°, E45.3004°; 817 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, on vegetation; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 28 May 2022; CaBOL-ID 1025666.
Remarks. This species has a transpalaearctic distribution (WSC 2023). In Georgia, it is known from Imereti, Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti, and Adjara, as well as from Tbilisi (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 1♀; Kaspi Mun., Kodistskaro Vill.; N42.01700°, E44.35120°; 715 m a.s.l.; floodplain, on Arundo sp.; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 27 Aug. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1012548 (Figs
Genetics. Two nearly identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1012548 and 1012549 (BOLD:ACE5367, p-distance 0.15%), with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems C. phragmitis from Germany (BOLD:ACE5367, maximum p-distance 0.15%).
Remarks. Transpalaearctic species (
GEORGIA – Samtskhe-Javakheti • 2♀♀; Baghdati Mun., Zekari Pass; N41.8522°, E42.8078°; 2197 m a.s.l.; subalpine meadow, sweeping; leg. E. Arsenashvili; 11 Oct. 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1032332, 1032333.
Remarks. This species has a disjunct Eastern Palaeartic distribution, known from Algeria, Portugal, Crete, Turkey, and the entire Caucasus (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 2♂♂, 1♀; Dighomi Vill.; N41.7819°, E44.6998°; 732 m a.s.l.; ravine in Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland, Carpinus sp. leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 12 Dec. 2021 (home-reared (1011211) adult on 26 Jan. 2022 and another (1020754) adult on 13 Jan. 2022); CaBOL-IDs 1011211, 1020717, 1020754 • 1♂; Telovani Vill.; N41.8000°, E44.6824°; 874 m a.s.l.; meadow, leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 24 Feb. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1021066 (Figs
Remarks. Palaearctic species, distributed from the Iberian Peninsula north to the Scandinavian Peninsula and east to South Siberia and Central Asia (
GEORGIA – Adjara • 1♀; Kobuleti Mun., Mtirala NP; N41.67495°, E41.87580°; 300 m a.s.l.; Chakvistskali R., under rocks; leg. S. Otto; 7 Jul. 2010; KVS 336; CaBOL-ID 1004140 • 1♂; Kintrishi NP; N41.7608°, E41.9784°; 1700 m a.s.l.; forest, pitfall trap; leg. G. Chaladze; 7 – 8 Sep. 2018; KVS 518.
Remarks. Endemic to the Western Caucasus, where it is known from 7 localities in Abkhazia and adjacent Krasnodar Krai. The species was described based on the juvenile specimen.
GEORGIA – Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♂; Aspindza Mun., Tsundi Lake; N41.41113°, E43.32790°; 1235 m a.s.l.; leg. E. Arsenashvili; 10 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1018149.
Remarks. This species has a very broad Palaeartic distribution (
GEORGIA – Guria • 1♂, 1♀; Ozurgeti Mun., Gaghma Dvabzu Vill.; N41.9466°, E42.0648°; 126 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 16 May 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1020798, 1020799. Shida Kartli • 1♂; Gori; N41.9770°, E44.0966°; 590 m a.s.l.; steppe vegetation; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 9 May 2022; CaBOL-ID 1023882. Kakheti • 1♂; Telavi; N41.9141°, E45.4588°; 801 m a.s.l.; suburban area; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 30 May 2022; CaBOL-ID 1025796.
Genetics. Two identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1020799 and 1023882 (BOLD:AAO1632). This species is not present in BOLD Systems at the time, as we submit the first COI sequence for this taxon.
Remarks. This species is restricted to the Caucasus region and Iran (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♂ (subadult); Tbilisi; N44.7798°, E41.7195°; 440 m a.s.l.; suburban area, malaisetrap; leg. GGBC/Cabol team; 11. – 25 Dec. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1021359. Kakheti • 1♀; Dedoplistskaro Mun., Artsivis Kheoba (Eagle Gorge); N41.4900°, E46.0975°; 754 m a.s.l.; meadow, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 15 Apr. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1023778 • 1♀; Akhmeta Mun., NW of Akhmeta, Aniskhevi R.; N42.0830°, E45.3004°; 1022 m a.s.l.; meadow; leg. CaBOL team; 30 May 2022; CaBOL-ID 1031229.
Genetics. A single barcode obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1021359 (BOLD:) was identical to L. humilis from Canada (BOLD:AAU0840) and nearly identical to several specimens from Germany and Netherlands (BOLD:AAU0840, 0.15% p-distance).
Remarks. Palaearctic species, introduced to North America (
GEORGIA – Samtskhe-Javakheti • 2♂♂, 1♀ (subadult); Aspindza Mun., above Vardzia; N41.38793°, E43.27602°; 1800 m a.s.l.; subalpine south-exposed meadow, under rocks; leg. S. Otto; 6 Apr. 2009; KBS 198a; CaBOL-ID 1004142. Shida Kartli • 1♀; Gori, Kvernaki ridge; N41.9833°, E44.1495°; 642 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 4 Apr. 2023; CaBOL-ID 1035451 (Fig.
Remarks. This species is distributed from Bulgaria east to Central Asia (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 2♂♂; Dedoplistskaro Mun., Vashlovani NP, Mijniskure; N41.1118°, E46.6495°; 93 m a.s.l.; Alazani R., on Tamarix sp.; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 17 Apr. 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1023348, 1023757 • 1♀, 2♂♂; Akhmeta Mun., Batsara Nature Reserve; N42.2223°, E45.3032°; 805 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, meadow; leg. Cabol team; 29 May 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1031241, 1031242, 1031243. Tbilisi • 2♂♂; Krtsanisi Park; N41.6216°, E44.9341°; 355 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, on vegetation; leg. G. Iankoshvili; 29 Apr. 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1023867, 1023868.
Remarks. Palaearctic species, distributed from North Africa east to Iran and north to Central Europe (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 2♂♂, 1♀; Gori; N41.97544°, E44.10496°; 590 m a.s.l.; montane, on Hedera sp; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 23 Jul. 2019; CaBOL-ID 1004145 (Figs
Genetics. Two nearly identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1004145 and 1018741 (BOLD:AFH3905, p-distance 0.65%), with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems N. walckenaeri from the Netherlands (BOLD:ABY1639, mean p-distance 2.39%).
Remarks. Palaearctic species, distributed from North Africa to the Caucasus (
GEORGIA – Adjara • 1♀; Kintrishi NP; N41.7334°, E42.0244°; 440 m a.s.l.; montane Alnus forest, rock slide/pile; leg. S. Otto; 3 Jun. 2009; CaBOL-ID 1004148.
Remarks. This is by far the smallest Cryptoparacthes species (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 2♀♀; Akhmeta Mun., Batsara Nature Reserve; N42.2240°, E45.3004°; 817 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, under rocks/rotten logs; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 28 May 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1025654, 1025655 • 1♀; Tbatana; N42.2680°, E45.2588°; 1931 m a.s.l.; subalpine meadow, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 29 May 2022; CaBOL-ID 1025670.
Remarks. Along with C. charitonowi (Mcheidze, 1972), C. fedotovi inhabits the broad-leaved forests of Eastern Georgia (
GEORGIA – Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti • 1♀; Senaki Mun., SE of Senaki; N42.26500°, E42.08583°; 20 m a.s.l.; leg. F. Walther; 25 Sep. 2011; KVS 312.
Remarks. The species is known from the Caucasus (except for Armenia) (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♂; Tbilisi; N41.7712°, E44.7654°; 446 m a.s.l.; artificial pine forest, under rock; leg. A. Seropian; 26 Mar. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1009767.
Remarks. This species was described from Georgia (Algeti NP) (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♂; Kiketi; N41.6452°, E44.6402°; 1186 m a.s.l.; mixed broad-leaved forest, under rocks; leg. A. Seropian; 6 Apr. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1010059.
Remarks. This species was described from Georgia (Magalakhari Pass) (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 2♀♀; Lagodekhi Mun., Lagodekhi N.P.; N41.85734°, E46.30479°; 700 m a.s.l.; beech forest, under rocks; leg. S. Otto; 30 Mar. 2009; KBS 192. Mtskheta-Mtianeti • 1♂, 2♀♀; Giorgitsminda; N42.6286°, E45.1259°; 1600 m a.s.l.; montane slate slide, under rocks; leg. S. Otto; 24 Jun. 2009; KVS 220; CaBOL-IDs 1004153, 1004154, 1004155.
Remarks. This species is endemic to the Caucasus (WSC 2023).
GEORGIA – Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti • 1♀; Martvili Mun., Tekhuri R. gorge; N42.5992°, E42.3470°; 411 m a.s.l.; under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 31 Jul. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1027706.
Remarks. This species is endemic to the Caucasus, recorded in Georgia and N Caucasus (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 1♂; Kaspi Mun., Nichbisi Vill.; N41.8426°, E44.5310°; 700 m a.s.l.; meadow, under rocks and leaf litter; leg. Cabol team; 30 Apr. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1032340 (Figs
Remarks. This species is endemic to the Caucasus, previously recorded in Azerbaijan and Dagestan (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 2♂♂; Akhmeta Mun., Batsara Nature Reserve; N42.2240°, E45.3004°; 817 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 28 May 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1025709, 1031224.
Remarks. This species is endemic to Georgia. The examined material corresponds to a previously known distribution pattern (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♂, 1♀; Kiketi; N41.6412°, E44.6389°; 1177 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, under rocks; leg. A. Seropian; 26 Mar. 2023.
Remarks. In the Caucasus, this species is recorded in Georgia and N Caucasus (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 2♂♂; Gori, Kvernaki Ridge; N41.9872°, E44.1320°; 681 m a.s.l.; steppe; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 10 Apr. 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1023296, 1023801 • 2♂♂; Gori; N41.9674°, E44.0984°; 849 m a.s.l.; steppe, on rocks; 23 Oct. 2021; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; CaBOL-IDs 1018700, 1018701. Tbilisi • 1♂; Didgori Vill.; N41.78104°, E44.67459°; 850 m a.s.l.; south-exposed slope near ravine with oak forest; 25 Sep. 2020; leg. A. Seropian; CaBOL-ID 1004222
Genetics. Four barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs, 1004222, 1018700, 1018701 (BOLD:AFH0787) and 102381 (BOLD:AFH1488) (mean p-distance 2.3%) with the three nearest neighbors in BOLD Systems as follows: CaBOL-ID 100422 to Eresus sp. 2 KS-2021a from Iran (BOLD:AEK1496, p-distance 2.3%), Eresus sp. F KS-2021a from Turkey (BOLD:AEE6991. p-distance 2.46%) and E. kollari from Bulgaria with a Private status (p-distance 2.46%); CaBOL-IDs 108700 and 1018701 to Eresus sp. 2 KS-2021a from Iran (BOLD:AEK1496, p-distance 2.54%), Eresus sp. F KS-2021a from Turkey (BOLD:AEE6991. p-distance 2.61%) and E. kollari from Bulgaria with a Private status (p-distance 2.75%); CaBOL-ID 10238101 to Eresus sp. F KS-2021a from Turkey (BOLD:AEE6991. p-distance 2.46%), E. hermani from Hungary (BOLD:AES6096, p-distance 2.76%) and Eresus sp. 2 KS-2021a from Iran (BOLD:AEK1496, p-distance 2.92%).
Remarks. Neither the determination via obtained sequences was straightforward, nor did the examination of genitalia help with solving the case (see Supplementary File). As a result of studies conducted in Central Europe on the E. sandaliatus species group (to which E. sandaliatus, E. moravicus, E. hermani, and E. kollari belong) over the past two decades, two cryptic species have been described (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 2♂♂; Vashlovani NP, Mijniskure; N41.1127°, E46.6461°; 101 m a.s.l.; semidesert; J.P. Kaitila and J. Junnilaineni; 22 May 2023; CaBOL-IDs 1035778 (Figs
Remarks. This species is distributed from the Mediterranean east to Tajikistan (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♂; Tbilisi; N41.7242°, E44.7288°; 513 m a.s.l.; building wall; leg. L.-G. Japaridze, 12 Jun. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1010278 • 1♀; N41.7574°, E44.7790°; 427 m a.s.l.; wall crevices; leg. A. Seropian; 7 Aug. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1010280 • 2♀♀; N41.7574°, E44.7790°; 427 m a.s.l.; wall crevices; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 20 Aug. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1012595, 1012628. Kakheti • 1♀; Telavi Mun., Telavi; N41.9201°, E45.4743°; 726 m a.s.l.; wall; leg. A. Zukakishvili; 8 Sep. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1032344.
Remarks. Phrita pallida has a disjunctive Caucaso-Mediterranean range (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♂; Dedoplistskaro Mun., Vashlovani NP, Pantishara Gorge; N41.1518°, E46.5755°; 261 m a.s.l.; semidesert, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 16 Apr. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1023770 • 1♀; Chachuna Managed Reserve, Dalis Mta Reservoir (Chachuna Managed Reserve); N41.2769°, E45.8887°; 237 m a.s.l.; semidesert, under rocks; leg. L.-G. Japaridze; 19 Jun. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1026480 (Figs
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1023770 (BOLD:AFH2123). There are no barcodes of A. pallens available in BOLD Systems at the moment as we submit the first one.
Remarks. This species is distributed from the eastern Mediterranean to Central Asia (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♀; Sagarejo Mun., David Gareja Monastery vicinity; N41.44088°, E45.37847°; 700 m a.s.l.; xerothermic slope, thorn shrubs; leg. S. Otto; 13 Aug. 2007; KVS 270.
Remarks. This species has a Transpalaearctic distribution (
GEORGIA – Kvemo Kartli • 1♀; Tetritskaro Mun., Akhali Zirbiti Vill.; N41.6562°, E44.5644°; 1337 m a.s.l.; meadow, on vegetation; leg. G. Iankoshvili; 9 Jun. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1004252 (Figs
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1004252 (BOLD:AFH4118) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems C. nocturna from Norway (BOLD:AAZ8977, p-distance 3.37%).
Remarks. Transpalaearctic species (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♀, 1♂; Dighomi Vill.; N41.7812°, E44.6978°; 785 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 18 Jun. 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1027283, 1027284. Shida Kartli • 1♀; Gori, Kodistskaro; N42.0292°, E44.3489°; 774 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 19 Jul. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1028019. Kvemo Kartli • 1♂; Marneuli Mun., Shulaveri; N41.3681, E44.8219; 479 m a.s.l.; steppe, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili, A. Seropian and A. Zukakishvili; 3 Jun. 2023; CaBOL-ID 1020857.
Genetics. Three nearly identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1028019, 1027283, and 1027284 (BOLD:AFD7370, p-distance 0.15%) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems C. caucasius from Bulgaria with an Early-Release status (mean p-distance 3.17%).
Remarks. Civizelotes caucasius is known from most of the Mediterranean and Black Sea countries, the European part of Russia, Central Asia, China (
GEORGIA – Adjara • 1♂; Kobuleti Mun., Kintrishi NP; N41.7608°, E41.9784°; 1700 m a.s.l.; forest, pitfall trap; leg. G. Chaladze; 7. – 8 Sep. 2018; KVS 520. Kakheti • 1♀, 2♂♂; Akhmeta Mun., Tbatana; N42.2680°, E45.2588°; 1931 m a.s.l.; subalpine meadow, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 29 May 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1025749, 1025750, 1025751. Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♂; Akhalkalaki Mun., Bozali Vill.; N41.2714°, E43.3379°; 1866 m a.s.l.; subalpine meadow, under rocks; leg. L.-G. Japaridze; 6 Jun. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1025761.
Genetics. Three barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1025749, 1025750 (BOLD:AFH0179), and 1025761 (BOLD:AFH0862) (mean p-distance 0.96%) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems D. pubescens from Germany (BOLD:AAO0670, mean p-distance 2.18%).
Remarks. Transpalaearctic species (
GEORGIA – Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♀; Tsalka Mun., S of Aiazmi Vill.; N41.54993°, E43.88660°; 1900 m a.s.l.; Artemisia grassland; leg. S. Otto; 30 May 2009; KVS 418.
Remarks. Transpalaearctic species (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 1♂; Gori, Kvernaki Ridge; N41.9870°, E44.1562°; 667 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland, soil crevices; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 27 Apr. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1023820 • 1♀; N41.9870°, E44.1562°; 667 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi shrubland, soil crevices; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 14 May 2022; CaBOL-ID 1025512 • 1♀; N41.9870°, E44.1562°; 667 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi shrubland, soil crevices; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 24 Jun. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1027339.
Genetics. Two barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1023820 and 1027339 (BOLD:AFH0315, p-distance 1.37%) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems G. lucifuga from Germany (BOLD:ABA7163, mean p-distance 2.98%).
Remarks. The species has a wide Palaearctic distribution (
GEORGIA – Kvemo Kartli • 1♀; Tetriskaro Mun., S of Manglisi; N41.6773°, E44.3835°; 1100 m a.s.l.; montane meadow; leg. S. Otto; 30 May 2009; CaBOL-ID 1004170. Kakheti reigon • 2♀♀; Akhmeta Mun., Girevi Vill.; N42.4951°, E45.4816°; 2000 m a.s.l.; rock scree near R.; leg. F. Walther; 6 Sep. 2009; CaBOL-IDs 1004171, 1004172.
Remarks. The species is widespread in Europe, the Caucasus (except for Armenia), and Central Asia (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♀; Dighomi Vill.; N41.7812°, E44.6978°; 785 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 18 Jun. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1027285 • 1♂; N41.7786°, E44.7073°; 642 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 27 Apr. 2023; CaBOL-ID 1035449 (Figs
Genetics. Three identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1027285, 1027994, and 1027995 (BOLD:AFC3075) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems G. steppica from Russia with an Early-Release status (p-distance 3.86%).
Remarks. In the Caucasus, the species was reported from Azerbaijan and the N Caucasus (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 1♀; Gori; N41.9872°, E44.1499°; 716 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland, under rock; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 23 Nov. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1020800 (Figs
Remarks. This is the first record of this species from Georgia and the whole Caucasus. Both specimens were found in sunny and dry habitats. The nearest reports of H. orientalis are from South Russia, Ukraine, and Turkey (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♀; Sagarejo Mun., vicinity of David Gareja Monastery; N41.44088°, E45.37847°; 700 m a.s.l.; steppe, under rock; leg. S. Otto; 9 May 2009; KBS 204 • 1♀; Dedoplistksaro Mun., Vashlovani NP; N41.139°, E44.5808°; 213 m a.s.l.; steppe, under rock near Lekistkali (Mlashetskali) R.; leg. A. Seropian; 17 Apr. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1010011. Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♀; Tsalka Mun., S of Aiazmi Vill.; N41.54993°, E43.88660°; 1900 m a.s.l.; Artemisia grassland; leg. S. Otto; 30 May 2009; KBS 216 • 1♂; Aspindza Mun., Vardzia; N41.3561°, E43.2547°; 1260 m a.s.l.; Mtkvari R. floodplain, under rock; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 7 Nov. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1035460. Kvemo Karlti region • 1♂; Tetritskaro Mun., S of Manglisi; N41.67732°, E44.38353°; 1074 m a.s.l.; montane meadow; leg. S. Otto; 30 May 2009; KVS 415.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1010011 (BOLD:AAL7077) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems H. signifer from Germany (BOLD:ADL9712, p-distance 2.6%).
Remarks. Species with a Holarctic distribution (WSC 2023). It is very abundant and widely distributed throughout the Caucasus (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♀; Telovani Vill.; N41.8009°, E44.6807°; 888 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 02 Apr. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1023281 (Figs
Genetics. We obtained a single barcode from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1023281 (BOLD:AFG9937) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems H. silvestris from Austria with a Private status (p-distance 4.28%). The second-best match is another H. silvestris from Slovenia (BOLD:AAO2338, p-distance 4.43%).
Remarks. In the Caucasus, the species was earlier known from Azerbaijan and the N Caucasus (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♂; Kvareli Mun., Sabue Vill.; N42.0566°, E45.1232°; 635 m a.s.l.; under rocks; leg. B. Chitadze; 30 May 2022; CaBOL-ID 1031227.
Remarks. Palaearctic species, distributed from Spain to the Far East of Russia (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 1♀; Gori; N41.9703°, E44.9774°; 982 m a.s.l.; steppe, under rock; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 10 Jul. 2021; CaBOL ID-1011782. Mtskheta-Mtianeti • 1♂; Dusheti Mun., W of Giorgitsminda Vill.; N42.6379°, E45.0989°; 2000 m a.s.l.; montane meadow, field layer; leg. S. Otto; 2 Aug. 2027; CaBOL-ID 1004173.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1011782 (BOLD:ABU7150) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems M. formicaria from the Czech Republic (BOLD:ABU7150, p-distance 0.62%).
Remarks. Species with a disjunct Caucaso-Far Eastern distribution (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♂; Kojori; N41.67450°, E44.69962°; 1400 m a.s.l.; xerothermic shrubland near pines; leg. S. Otto; 12 May 2009; KBS 205. Samgrelo-Zemo Svaneti region • 2♀♀; Martvili Mun., Lebarde; N42.7382°, E42.5006°; 1625 m a.s.l.; under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 30 Jul. 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1027131, 1027132.
Remarks. This species has a transpalaeacrtic distribution (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♂, 2♀♀(subadult); Akhmeta Mun., Tbatana; N42.2680°, E45.2588°; 1931 m a.s.l.; subalpine meadow, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 29 May 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1025675, 1025690, 1025701.
Remarks. In the Caucasus, the species is reported from Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Russia (North Ossetia-Alania). It is the second record of M. silesiaca in Georgia and the first from the Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti region, as the previous country record originates from the Kakheti region (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♂; Dighomi park; N41.7670°, E44.7729°; 430 m a.s.l.; Quercus sp. bark; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 25 Feb. 2023; CaBOL-ID 1035475 (Figs
Remarks. It is the first record in Georgia and the entire Caucasus region of this otherwise widely distributed species in Europe (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♂; Sagarejo, N41.63850°, E45.35780°; 750 m a.s.l.; pasture, in grass; leg. S. Otto; 13 Aug. 2007; CaBOL-ID 1004174. Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♀; Aspindza Mun., Vardzia; N41.3529°, E43.2518°; 1315 m a.s.l.; steppe, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 13 Oct. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1032746.
Remarks. Palaearctic species, distributed from the Mediterranean to China (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♂; Dedoplitskaro Mun., Vashlovani NP, Pantishara Gorge; N41.1518°, E46.5755°; 261 m a.s.l.; semidesert, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 16 Apr. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1023794 • 2♀♀; Chachuna Managed Reserve; N41.220470°, E45.972396°; 242 m a.s.l.; semidesert, under rocks; leg. E. Arsenashvilii; 20 May 2023.
Genetics. There are no barcodes of this species available in BOLD Systems at the moment as we submit the first one. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1023794 (BOLD:AAV1581) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems Nomisia sp. from Turkey with an Early-Release status (p-distance 1.83%).
Remarks. Palaearctic species, known from Turkey, the Caucasus, Iran, and Central Asia (
GEORGIA – Kvemo Kartli • 1♂; Marneuli Mun., Shulaveri; N41.3681, E44.8219; 479 m a.s.l.; steppe, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili, A. Seropian and A. Zukakishvili; 3 Jun. 2023; CaBOL-ID 1020885.
Remarks. Palaearctic species, distributed in Europe, North Africa, Turkey, Caucasus,and Central Asia (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 1juv; Gori; N41.9795°, E44.0941°; 584 m a.s.l.; floodplain, under log; leg. N. Bulbulashvili, 31 Jul. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1011621 • 1♀; N41.97960°, E44.09410°; 584 m a.s.l.; floodplain, under bark; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 5 Sep. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1012439 Mtskheta-Mtianeti • 1♀; Kazbegi Mun., Stepantsminda; 42.653°N, 44.655°E, 1867 m a.s.l.; leg. E. Karalashvili and H.-J. Krammer; 2 Jul. 2019; ZFMK-TIS-8008087 • 1♂; NW of Stepantsminda; 42.671°N, 44.61°E; 2008 m a.s.l.; leg. Wipfler B.; 7 Jul. 2019; ZFMK-TIS-8008609.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1012439 (BOLD:AAU2912) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems P. variana from Turkey with Private status (p-distance 0.15%).
Remarks. Palaearctic species, distributed from Europe to Central Asia (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 1♀; Gori; N41.9693°, E44.0948°; 932 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, under bark; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 24 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1018731. Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♀; Borjomi Mun., Nedzvi Managed Reserve; N41.9010°, E43.5157°; 902 m a.s.l.; coniferous forest, under bark; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 10 Oct. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1032754.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1018731 (BOLD:AAO2286) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems S. scutulatus from Germany (BOLD:AAO2286, p-distance 0.46%).
Remarks. Palaearctic species, distributed from North Africa east to Central Asia and north to Sweden (
GEORGIA • 1♀; Shida Kartli region, SW of Gori, Qvelaantubani Vill.; N41.85348°, E43.86911°; 1300 m a.s.l.; leg. F. Walther; 16 Sep. 2011; KVS 311.
Remarks. Palaearctic species, distributed from the Iberian Peninsula north to the Scandivian Peninsula and east to Iran (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♂; Tbilisi; N41.7574°, E44.7790°; 427 m a.s.l.; apartment; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 22 May 2022; CaBOL-ID 1025479. Kakheti • 1♀; Dedoplistskaro; N41.4641°, E46.0951°; 794 m a.s.l.; apartment; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 14 Apr. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1025774.
Remarks. Palaearctic species, introduced to North and South Americas, Australia, and South Africa (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♀; Sagarejo Mun., David Gareja Monastery vicinity; N41.44088°, E45.37847°; 700 m a.s.l; N-slope of rock formation, under rock; leg. S. Otto; 29 Mar. 2009; KVS 359.
Remarks. This species is distributed from Italy to the Caucasus (
GEORGIA – Adjara • 1♂; Kobuleti Mun., Kintrishi NP; N41.7608°, E41.9784°; 1700 m a.s.l.; mixed forest, pitfall trap; leg. G. Chaladze; 8 Sep. 2018; KVS 519.
Remarks. This species has a disjunct Palaearctic distribution (Italy, Caucasus, and Iran (
GEORGIA – Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♀; Tsalka Mun., S of Aiazmi Vill.; N41.54993°, E43.88660°; 1900 m a.s.l.; Artemisia grassland, field layer; leg. S. Otto; 30 May 2009; KVS 419. – Shida Kartli region • 1♀; Gori, Kvernaki Ridge; N41.9848°, E44.1389°; 636 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland, under rock; leg. A. Seropian; 24 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1018732 • 1♀; N41.9956°, E44.1512°; 783 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland, under rock; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 24 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1020256. Kakheti • 1♀; Kvareli Mun., Sabue Vill.; N42.0566°, E45.1232°; 635 m a.s.l.; leg. Cabol team; 30 May 2022; CaBOL-ID 1031238.
Remarks. Hahnia nava is a species with a transpalaearctic distribution (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♂, 1♀, 3juv; Didgori Vill.; N41.7854°, E44.6765°; 799 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 18 Dec. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1020763 (Figs
Remarks. The species distribution ranges from Spain to western Russia and Turkey. It is the first record from Georgia and the whole Caucasus (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♀; Dighomi park; N41.7689°, E44.7719°; 430 m a.s.l.; meadow, under log; leg. A. Seropian and N. Bulbulashvili; 25 Feb. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1035474 (Fig.
Remarks: Distributed from the Mediterranean north to the Scandinavia Peninsula and east to Iran (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 2♂♂; Telovani Vill.; N41.8103°, E44.6954°; 921 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, under dead wood bark; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 7 Nov. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1020243, 1020244 • 1♂; N41.8022°, E44.6771°; 928 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, under rock; leg. N. Bulbulashvili, 7 Nov. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1021023 • 1♀; Didgori Vill.; N41.7810°, E44.6746°; 850 m a.s.l.; dry ravine with oak forest, under rock; leg. A. Seropian; 3 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1004220.
Remarks: This species has a disjunct Palaearctic distribution, known from the SC Europe, Balkans, and the Caucasus. In the Caucasus, this species is recorded only from Georgia (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 1♀; Gori, Kvernaki Ridge; N41.9956°, E44.1512°; 783 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland, under rock; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 23 Nov. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1020286 • 2♂♂; Gori; N41.9820°, E44.0879°; 586 m a.s.l.; floodplain, under rock; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 14 Nov. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1020784, 1020785 • 1♀; N41.9820°, E44.0879°; 586 m a.s.l.; floodplain, under rock; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 14 Nov. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1021001 • 1♀, 4♂♂; N41.9752°, E44.1044°; 583 m a.s.l.; floodplain, under rock; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 30 Nov. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1020792, 1020781, 1020793 (Figs
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1020286 (BOLD:AET7303) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems A. scurrilis from Bulgaria with Private status (p-distance 1.24%).
Remarks. Acartauchenius scurrilis has a wide Palaearctic distribution ranging from Span north to the Scandinavian Peninsula and east to Central Asia (
GEORGIA – Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♀; Ninotsminda Mun., Mamzvara Vill.; N41.2949°, E43.5334°; 1897 m a.s.l.; soil layer; leg. L. Mumladze; 5 Jul. 2018; CaBOL-ID 1012754.
Remarks. Palaearctic species, distributed in Europe, the Far East of Russia, the Caucasus, Iran, and Kazakhstan (
GEORGIA – Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♀; Tsalka Mun., S of Aiazmi Vill.; N41.54993°, E43.88660°; 1900 m a.s.l.; Artemisia grassland, field layer; leg. S. Otto; 30 May 2009; KBS 216. Imereti region • 1♂; Tkibuli Mun., Nakerala Pass; N42.38522°, E42.98487°; 1400 m a.s.l.; beech-fir forest, on branches; leg. S. Otto; 10 Jul. 2010; KVS 343. Tbilisi • 2♀♀; Telovani Vill.; N41.8103°, E44.6954°; 921 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, under rock; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 7 Nov. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1020283, 1020289.
Genetics. Two identical barcodes obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1020283 and 1020289 (BOLD:AAE5234) were identical to the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems A. rurestris from Germany (BOLD:AAE5234).
Remarks. Transpalaearctic species (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 1♂, 1♀; Gori; N41.9771°, E44.1010°; 592 m a.s.l.; floodplain, Mtkvari R. bank, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 12 Jun. 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1026323, 1026324. Tbilisi • 1♀; Vere Valley; N41.71609°, E44.72004°; 500 m a.s.l.; xerothermic slope, field layer; leg. S. Otto; 13 May 2009; KBS 206.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1026324 (BOLD:AFH1575). There are no barcodes of this species available in BOLD Systems at the moment as we submit the first one.
Remarks. Distributed from Ukraine east to Central Asia (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 2 ♀♀, 1♂; Dighomi Vill.; N41.7809°, E44.7096°; 628 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland, ravine, Carpinus orientalis leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 15 Dec. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1020723, 1020724, 1020753 • 1♀; Telovani Vill.; N41.8016°, E44.6789°; 913 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, in Carpinus orientalis leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 7 Jan. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1020780 • 3♀♀, 1♂; N41.8000°, E44.6824°; 847 m a.s.l.; meadow, in leaf litter at the forest edge; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 24 Feb. 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1021068, 1021069, 1021070, 1021071.
Remarks. Species endemic to the Caucasus. It was described from Stepantsminda (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 1♂; Gori, Kvernaki Ridge; N41.9956°, E44.1512°; 783 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland, under rock; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 23 Nov. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1020307 (Figs
Remarks. It is the first time Baryphyma Simon, 1884 is reported in Georgia and B. proclive in the whole Caucasus. It’s also the first record of this species outside of Italy after it was described from Rome (
GEORGIA – Samtskhe-Javakheti • 2♀♀; Ninotsminda Mun., Poka Vill.; N41.3742°, E43.7731°; 2125 m a.s.l.; leaf litter; leg. L. Mumladze; 9 Nov. 2018; CaBOL-IDs 1012756, 1012757 • 2♀♀; Akhalkalaki Mun., Tetrobi Managed Reserve; N41.5631°, E43.3533°; 1924 m a.s.l.; coniferous forest; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 12 Oct. 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1032049, 1032050.
Genetics. A single barcode obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1012757 (BOLD:ADD2365) was nearly identical to the COI gene of B. alticeps from Finland (BOLD:ADD2365, p-distance 0.92%).
Remarks. Transpalaearctic species (
GEORGIA – Imereti region • 4♀♀; Baghdati Mun., Zekari Pass; N41.8522°, E42.8080°; 2196 m a.s.l.; subalpine meadow, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 11 Oct. 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1032030, 1032031, 1032736, 1032737.
Remarks. Palaearctic species, distributed in Europe and the Caucasus (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♂, 3♀♀; Dighomi Vill.; N41.7820°, E44.7000°; 732 m a.s.l.; meadow, leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 10 Dec. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1011142, 1011143, 1011144, 1011141 • 3♂♂, 2♀♀; N41.7809°, E44.7096°; 628 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland, ravine, Carpinus orientalis leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 15 Dec. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1020773, 1020774, 1020775, 1020776, 1020777 • 1♂, 4♀♀; Didgori Vill.; N41.7854°, E44.6765°; 799 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 18 Dec. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1020737, 1020738, 1020739, 1020740, 1020741.
Genetics. Three nearly identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1011143, 1020776, and 1020777 (BOLD:AAO0318, mean p-distance 0.63%), with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems C. minor from Turkey (Artvin) with Private status (mean p-distance 0.36%).
Remarks. A very abundant species widely distributed throughout the whole Caucasus (
GEORGIA – Samtskhe-Javakheti • 2♂♂, 4♀♀; Didi Abuli Mt.; N41.36000°, E43.71072°; 2223 m a.s.l.; forest; leg. L. Mumladze; 28 Sep. 2018; CaBOL-IDs 1012738, 1012739, 1012742, 1012743, 1012744, 1012745, 1012746.
Genetics. Four barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1012738, 1012739, 1012743, and 1012746 (BOLD:AAA4132, mean p-distance 0.73%), with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems C. sylvaticus from Germany BOLD:AAA4132, mean p-distance 0.51%).
Remarks. Transpalaearctic species (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♂; Kojori; N41.67450°, E44.69962°; 1400 m a.s.l.; xerothermic shrubland near pines, litter; leg. S. Otto; 12 May 2009; KVS 391 • 2♀♀, 1♂; Didgori Vill.; N41.7848°, E44.6757°; 796 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 19 Feb. 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1021038, 1021039, 1021040 • 1♂; Telovani Vill.; N41.8025°, E44.6771°; 928 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, near stream bank, leaf litter; 9 Jul. 2022; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; CaBOL-ID 1027313. Shida Kartli • 1♂; Gori; N41.9752°, E44.1044°; 593 m a.s.l.; floodplain, under rock; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 14 Nov. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1020721. Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti • 1♀; Martvili Mun., Lebarde; N42.7382°, E42.5006°; 1625 m a.s.l.; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 30 Jul. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1027144.
Genetics. Two barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1020721 and 1027313 (BOLD:AAK0807, p-distance 1.82%) with the best match in BOLD Systems as follows: CaBOL-ID 1020721 to C. brevis from Norway (BOLD:AAK0807, p-distance 1.54%); CaBOL-ID 1027313 to C. brevis from Finland (BOLD:AAK0807, p-distance 0.92%).
Remarks. A very abundant species widely distributed throughout the whole Caucasus (
GEORGIA – Samtskhe-Javakheti • 2♂♂; Didi Abuli Mt.; N41.3600°, E43.7107°; 2223 m a.s.l.; Abuli forest, leaf litter; leg. L. Mumladze; 28 Sep. 2018; CaBOL-IDs 1012750, 1012751 • 1♀; Ninotsminda Mun., Poka Vill.; N41.3742°, E43.7731°; 2125 m a.s.l.; soil layer; leg. L. Mumladze; 9 Nov. 2018; CaBOL-ID 1012771.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1012750 (BOLD:AAD3538) with the nearest neighbor n BOLD Systems f D. latifrons from France (BOLD:AAD3538, p-distance 1.75%).
Remarks. A very abundant species widely distributed throughout the whole Caucasus (
GEORGIA – Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♂; Ninotsminda Mun., Madatapa Managed Reserve; N41.1968°, E43.7587°; 2128 m a.s.l.; subalpine meadow, under rock; leg. A. Seropian; 11 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1018673 • 1♀; Aspindza Mun., Pia Vill.; N41.4370°, E43.3078°; 1222 m a.s.l.; steppe, under rock; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 10 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1018808 • Borjomi Mun., Qvabiskhevi Vill.; N41.7885°, E43.2372°; 986 m a.s.l.; coniferous forest, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 10 Oct. 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1032707, 1032708. Tbilisi • 1♀, 1♂; Dighomi park; N41.7698°, E44.7698°; 434 m a.s.l.; meadow, leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 28 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1020255, 1020316 • 1♀, 1♂; Tbilisi; N41.7711°, E44.7687°; 436 m a.s.l.; under rock; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 5 Dec. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1021007, 1020999.
Genetics. Four barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1018673, 1018808, 1020255, and 1020316 (BOLD:AAB2008, mean p-distance 1.5%), with the nearest neighbors in BOLD Systems are as follows: to CaBOL-ID 1018673 D. concolor from Finland (BOLD:AAB2008, p-distance 1.46%); CaBOL-ID 101808 to D. concolor from France (BOLD:AAB2008, p-distance 0.31%); CaBOL-IDs 1020255 and 1020316 identical to D. concolor from Canada (BOLD:AAB2008).
Remarks. A very abundant species widely distributed throughout the whole Caucasus (
GEORGIA – Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♀; Adigeni Mun., Abastumani; N41.7898°, E42.8529°; 1451 m a.s.l.; mixed forest, on tree trunk; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 11 Oct. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1032067.
Remarks. Transpalaearctic species (
Erigone dentipalpis (Wider, 1834)
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♂; Dedoplistskaro Mun., Vashlovani NP, Mijniskure; N41.1118°, E46.6495°; 93 m a.s.l.; Alazani R., under rock; leg. A. Seropian; 16 Apr. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1010001 • 1♂; N41.1247°, E46.6493°; 105 m a.s.l.; semidesert, under rock; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 17 Apr. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1023798 • Chachuna Managed Reserve, Dalis Mta Reservoir; N41.2740°, E45.8876°; 269 m a.s.l.; semidesert, under rock; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 18 Apr. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1023786. Adjara • 1♂; Kobuleti Mun., Kintrishi NP; N41.7608°, E41.9784°; 2300 m a.s.l.; forest, pitfall trap; leg. G. Chaladze; 7 – 8 Sep. 2018; KVS 522. Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti • 1♀; 1♂; Khobis Mun., Kolkheti NP; N42.33802°, E41.61131°; 301 m a.s.l.; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 2 Aug. 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1030860, 1030861.
Genetics. Two nearly identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1023786 and 1023798 (BOLD:AAB6851, p-distance 0.46%) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems E. dentipalpis from Egypt (BOLD:AAB6851, maximum p-distance 0.33%).
Remarks. A very abundant species with Holarctic distribution (WSC 2023) and numerous records throughout the whole Caucasus (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♀; Tbilisi; N41.77055°, E44.76689°; 449 m a.s.l.; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 7 Nov. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1020311 (Fig.
Remarks. European species with records from Turkey and the Caucasus (
GEORGIA – Mtskheta-Mtianeti • 2♀♀; Dusheti Mun., Matura Valley; N42.44441°, E45.07033°; 1500 m a.s.l.; montane grassland; leg. S. Otto; 21 Jul. 2007; KVS 63. Kakheti • 1♂; Dedoplistksaro Mun., Vashlovani NP, Mijniskure; N41.1118°, E46.6495°; 93 m a.s.l.; meadow at Alazani R., on vegetation; leg. A. Seropian; 17 Apr. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1010007.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1010007 (BOLD:AAI5655) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems F. frutetorum from Slovenia (BOLD:AAI5655).
Remarks. A very abundant species with numerous records throughout the whole Caucasus (
GEORGIA – Guria • 2♂♂, 8♀♀, 8 juv.; Khobi Mun., E of Paliastomi L.; N42.0846°, E41.7673°; 10 m a.s.l.; leg. B. Chitadze; 29 Jun. 2023; CaBOL-IDs 1035826, 1035827, 1035828, 1035829, 1035830, 1035831, 1035832, 1035833, 1035834, 1035835, 1035836, 1035837, 1035838, 1035839, 1035840, 1035841, 1035842, 1035843.
Remarks. An abundant species with Palaearctic distribution (WSC 2023). In the Caucasus, it is recorded in Georgia, Azerbaijan, and N Caucasus. In Georgia, G. dentatum is distributed only in the eastern part of the country (
GEORGIA – Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti • 2♀♀; Mestia Mun., Ushba Peak; N43.0320°, E42.9171°; 3145 m a.s.l.; montane grassland; leg. L. Mumladze; CaBOL-IDs 1012741, 1012768.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1012741 (BOLD:AAY7687) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems G. rubens from Norway (BOLD:AAY7687, p-distance 0.81%).
Remarks. An abundant species with Palaeartic distribution (WSC 2023). In the Caucasus, it is recorded in Georgia, Azerbaijan, and N Caucasus. In Georgia, G. rubens was previously reported from the Abkhazia and Adjara (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♂; Tbilisi; N41.7695°, E44.7670°; 460 m a.s.l.; meadow, moss layer near Pinus sp. artificial planting; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 7 Nov. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1020242. Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♂; Aspindza Mun., Vardzia; N41.3529°, E43.2518°; 1315 m a.s.l.; steppe, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 13 Oct. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1032728.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1020242 (BOLD:ACU8094) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems I. keyserlingi from Germany (BOLD:ACU8094, p-distance 0.15%).
Remarks. This species has a disjunctive European distribution (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 1♂; Gori; N41.9806°, E44.0920°; 586 m a.s.l.; Mtkvari R. floodplain, under rock; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 13 Nov. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1020299 (Fig.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1020299 (BOLD:AAU4598) which is the first one of this species submitted to the BOLD Systems.
Remarks. In the Caucasus, this species is recorded in Azerbaijan and N Caucasus (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♀; Telovani Vill.; N41.8103°, E44.6954°; 921 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, under rock; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 7 Nov. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1020319.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1020319 (BOLD:AEU0783) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems Lepthypantes sp. with an unknown place of origin (BOLD:AEU0783, p-distance 0.15%). There are no barcodes of this species in BOLD Systems at the moment, as we submit the first one, but given the small genetic distance between our specimen and the unidentified Lepthypantes sp. from Turkey, that presumably belongs to the same species.
Remarks. This species is endemic to the Caucasus (but see the genetics part) where it is recorded in Georgia and NE Caucasus (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♀, 1♂; Dighomi Park; N41.7683°, E44.7702°; 430 m a.s.l.; meadow, leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 12 May 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1023900 (Supplementary File), 1023901 (Fig.
Remarks. Palaearctic species, distributed from the Mediterranean east to the Caucasus (
GEORGIA – Adjara • 1♀; Kobuleti Mun., Kintrishi NP; N41.72866°, E42.07702°; 970 m a.s.l.; beech-chestnut forest, litter; leg. S. Otto; 3 Jun. 2009; KVS 472. Tbilisi • 1♀; Dighomi Park; N41.7683°, E44.7702°; 430 m a.s.l.; meadow, leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 12 May 2022; CaBOL-ID 1023902.
Remarks. The species has a Holarctic distribution (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♂, 2♀♀; Telovani Vill.; N41.8005°, E44.6821°; 892 m a.s.l.; edge of deciduous forest; xerothermic slope, leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 12 Feb. 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1021026 (Fig.
Remarks. Palaearctic species, distributed from Spain east to the Caucasus and south to Israel (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 1♂; Gori; N41.9645°, E44.0954°; 932 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 23 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1018696.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1018696 (BOLD:AAU1288) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems M. pseudocollinus from Russia with Private status (p-distance 0.63%).
Remarks. Palaearctic species, distributed from Central Europe east to West Siberia and south to Iran (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♀; Dighomi park; N41.7677°, E44.7705°; 532 m a.s.l.; mixed forest, meadow, leaf litter; leg. A. Seropian; 19 Sep. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1018706. Kakheti • 2♂♂, 4♀♀; Kvareli Mun., Shilda Vill.; N45.7162°, E42.0043°; 513 m a.s.l.; suburban area, malaise trap; leg. GGBC/Cabol team; 24 Apr. – 1 May 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1012869, 1012870, 1012871, 1012872, 1012873, 1012874.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1018706 (BOLD:AFI9848) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems M. prominulus from Switzerland (BOLD:AAN9621, p-distance 1.55%).
Remarks. Species with a Holarctic distribution (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 7♂♂, 7♀♀; Dighomi Vill.; N41.7809°, E44.7096°; ravine, Carpinus orientalis leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 15 Dec. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1011193, 1011194, 1011195, 1011196, 1011197, 1011198, 1011199, 1020756, 1020757, 1020758, 1020759, 1020760, 1020761, 1020762 • 1♀; N41.7854°, E44.6765°; deciduous forest, leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 18 Dec. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1011167 • 2♂♂; Dighomi park; N41.7677°, E44.7705°; 532 m a.s.l.; meadow, leaf litter; leg. A. Seropian; 22 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1018714, 1018715.
Genetics. Fourteen barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL IDs 1011167, 1011193, 1011195, 1011196, 1011198, 1011199, 1018715, 1020756, 1020757, 1020758, 1020759, 1020760, 1020761, and 1020762 (BOLD:AAL5943, mean p-distance 1.71%). The nearest neighbors in BOLD Systems to the specimens are as follows: CaBOL-IDs 1011167, 1011195, and 1011198 M. varia from China with Private status (mean p-distance 1.05%); CaBOL-IDs 1011193, 1011196, 1011199, 1018715, 1020756, 1020757, 1020758, 1020759, 1020760, 1020761 and 1020762 M. varia from Germany (BOLD:AAL5943, mean p-distance 0.155%).
Remarks. A very abundant species with a Holarctic distribution in the Caucasus recorded from all the countries (WSC 2023;
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♀; Akhmeta mun, Batsara Nature Reserve; N42.0722°, E45.3900°; 431 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, meadow, leaf litter; leg. Cabol team; 27 May 2022; CaBOL-ID 1031237.
Remarks. Palaearctic species, with mainly European distribution (
GEORGIA – Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti • 1♀; Khobi Mun., Torsa Vill.; N42.3590°, E41.7831°; 9 m a.s.l.; windbreak, on grass; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 3 Aug. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1011640 • 1♀; Martvili Mun., Tekhuri R. Gorge; N42.5992°, E42.3470°; 411 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, meadow, on rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 31 Jul. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1027143.
Remarks. Palaearctic species, distributed from the Mediterranean east to Japan (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♂; Kvareli Mun., Shilda Vill.; N45.7162°, E42.0043°; 513 m a.s.l.; settlement, malaise trap; leg. GGBC/Cabol team; 24 Jul. – 31 Jul. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1012865.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1012865 (BOLD:ACF4294) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems N. clathrata from Finland, Norway, Austria, and Germany (BOLD:ACF4294, p-distance 0.15%).
Remarks. Transpalaearctic species (
GEORGIA – Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti • 1♀; Poti Mun., Kolkheti NP; N of Pichori R.; N42.14758°, E41.82526°; 0 m a.s.l.; Sphagnum bog, grass; leg. S. Otto; 17 May 2009; KBS 209.
Remarks. Palaearctic species, distributed from the Mediterranean north to Sweden and east to South Siberia (
GEORGIA – Kvemo Kartli • 1♂; Gardabani Mun., NE of Gachiani (E of Tbilisi); N41.60837°, E44.99576°; 400 m a.s.l.; steppe with shrubs; leg. S. Otto; 21 Mar. 2009; KVS 354.
Remarks. Transpalaearctic species (
GEORGIA – Adjara • 2♂♂, 1♀; Kobuleti Mun., Mtirala NP; N41.67632°, E41.87472°; 300 m a.s.l.; river bed, field layer; leg. S. Otto; 6 Jul. 2010; KBS 182 • 9♂♂, 2♀♀; N41.67795°, E41.84806°; 260 m a.s.l.; Colchic forest, Buxus shrub; leg. S. Otto; 8 Jul. 2010; KBS 186. Samtskhe-Javaketi region • 1♂; Borjomi Mun., Nedzvi Managed Reserve; N41.9010°, E43.5157°; 902 m a.s.l.; coniferous forest, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 10 Oct. 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1032075.
Remarks. This species is distributed throughout the whole Caucasus (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 2♀♀; Akhmeta Mun., Batsara Nature Reserve; N42.2240°, E45.3004°; 817 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 28 May 2022; CaBOL-ID 1025688, 1025689. Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti • 1♀; Martvili Mun., Tekhuri R. Gorge; N42.5992°, E42.3470°; 411 m a.s.l.; meadow, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 31 Jul. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1027694 • 1♀; Tsalenjikha Mun., Skuri; N42.6880°, E42.1606°; 437 m a.s.l.; meadow, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 31 Jul. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1027696.
Remarks. Transpalaearctic species (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 1♀; Gori; N41.9693°, E44.0948°; 932 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 24 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1018740. Tbilisi • 1♀; Telovani Vill.; N41.8022°, E44.6771°; 928 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 7 Nov. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1021024. Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♂; Adigeni Mun., Abastumani; N41.7898°, E42.8529°; 1451 m a.s.l.; mixed forest, vegetation; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 11 Oct. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1032742.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1018740 (BOLD:AAX1847) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems P. khobarum from Turkey with an Early-Release status (p-distance 1.38%).
Remarks. Palaearctic species, distributed from Greece to Iran (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♀; Tbilisi; N41.7711°, E44.7687°; 436 m a.s.l.; highway, under rock; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 5 Dec. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1020720 (Figs
Remarks. In the Caucasus, this European species was recorded only from Russia (Adygea) (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♂, 2♀♀; Sagarejo Mun., David Gareja Monastery vicinity; N41.44088°, E45.37847°; 700 m a.s.l.; steppe, under rocks; leg. S. Otto; 9 May 2009; KBS 204. Tbilisi • 9♂♂; Dighomi Vill.; N41.7820°, E44.7000°; 732 m a.s.l.; meadow, leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 10 Dec. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1020742, 1020743, 1020744, 1020745, 1020768, 1020769, 1020770, 1020771, 1020772 • 18♂♂, 13♀♀; Didgori Vill.; N41.7854°, E44.6765°; 799 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 18 Dec. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1011147, 1011148, 1011150, 1011172, 1011173, 1011174, 1011175, 1011176, 1011177, 1011178, 1011179, 1011180, 1011181, 1011149, 1011151, 1011152, 1011153, 1011154, 1011155, 1011156, 1011157, 1011158, 1011159, 1011160, 1011161, 1011162, 1011163, 1011168, 1011169, 1011170, 1011171.
Genetics. Eight virtually identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1011149, 1011150, 1011154, 1011160, 1011161, 1011163, 1011168, and 1011178 (BOLD:AFH1054, mean p-distance 0.01%). There are no barcodes of this species in BOLD Systems at the moment as we submit the first ones.
Remarks. This species is endemic to the Caucasus (WSC 2023). It is the first record of the species from the Kakheti region (
GEORGIA – Adjara • 1♂, 1♀; Khelvachauri Mun., Sarpi Vill.; N41.52139°, E41.55194°; 100 m a.s.l.; steep slope; leg. S. Otto; 17 Aug. 2007; KVS 281.
Remarks. Known only from Turkey and the Caucasus (
GEORGIA – Adjara • 3♂♂, 5♀♀; Kobuleti mun, Mtirala NP; N41.67795°, E41.84806°; 260 m a.s.l.; Colchic forest, Buxus shrubs; leg. S. Otto; 8 Jul. 2010; KBS 186 • 1♂, 1♀; N41.67632°, E41.87472°; 300 m a.s.l.; R. bed; leg. S. Otto; 6 Jul. 2010; KVS 330 • 1♂, 1♀; Kobuleti Mun., Kintrishi NP, Zeraboseli Vill.; KBS 218. Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti region • 5♂♂, 11♀♀; Tkibuli Mun., Nakerala Ridge; N42.38522°, E42.98487°; 1400 m a.s.l.; beech-fir forest, branches; leg. S. Otto; 10 Jul. 2010; KBS 188.
Remarks. This species is endemic to W Georgia (WSC 2023).
GEORGIA – Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♀; Didi Abuli Mt.; N41.4380°, E43.6462°; 3267 m a.s.l.; leaf litter; leg. L. Mumladze; 12 Sep. 2018; CaBOL-ID 1012773 (Fig.
Poeciloneta variegata , female (46: epigyne, ventral view, in situ). Porrhomma microphthalmum, female (47: epigyne, ventral view, in situ). Porrhomma montanum, male (48: left palp, retrolateral view). Sintula retroversus (49: male, left palp, retrolateral view; 50: female, epigyne, ventral view, in situ).
Remarks. Transpalaearctic species, introduced to North America (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♀; Dedoplistskaro Mun., Chachuna Managed Reserve, Dalis Mta Reservoir; N41.2740°, E45.8876°; 269 m a.s.l.; semidesert, under rock; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 18 Apr. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1023819 (Fig.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1023819 (BOLD:AAP2515) identical in the BOLD Systems to the COI genes of P. microphthalmum from Russia and Germany with Early-Release and Private statuses.
Remarks. Transpalaearctic species (
GEORGIA – Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♂; Ninotsminda Mun., Poka Vill.; N41.3742°, E43.7731°; 2125 m a.s.l.; soil layer; leg. L. Mumladze; 9 Nov. 2018; CaBOL-ID 1012761 (Fig.
Remarks. In the Caucasus, this species was recorded only in Russia (Karachay-Cherkessia) (
GEORGIA – Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti • 2♀♀; Martvili Mun., Tekhuri R. Gorge; N42.5992°, E42.3470°; 411 m a.s.l.; meadow, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 31 Jul. 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1027158, 1030855.
Remarks. In the Caucasus, this species is recorded from Armenia and Georgia (Samtskhe-Javakheti region). It is the first record of S. krausi from the Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti region. In Europe, the species is known from Italy and the Balkan Peninsula (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♀; Telovani Vill.; N41.8016°, E44.6789°; 913 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 7 Jan. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1011126.
Remarks. This species has a Caucaso-Iranian distribution (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♂, 1♀; Dighomi park; N41.76774°, E44.77048°; 532 m a.s.l.; meadow, leaf litter; leg. A. Seropian; 22 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1018704 (Fig.
Genetics. Six identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1018704, 1018705, 1018710, 1018712, 1020287, and 1020317 (BOLD:AFH2460) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems S. retroversus from Bulgaria with Private status (p-distance 1.71%).
Remarks. Palaearctic species, distributed from Spain east to the Caucasus (
GEORGIA – Samtskhe-Javakheti • 3♀♀; Borjomi Mun., Bakuriani; N41.74874°, E43.52776°; 2100 m a.s.l.; leg. F. Walther; 17 Sep. 2011; KVS 314, KBS 160 • 1♀; Qvabiskhevi Vill.; N41.7885°, E43.2372°; 986 m a.s.l.; coniferous forest, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 10 Oct. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1032760. Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti • 2♀♀; Martvili Mun., Taleri Vill., Tekhuri R. valley; N42.53889°, E42.34972°; 400 m a.s.l.; leg. F. Walther; 10 Oct. 2011; KVS 305 • 1♂; Tbilisi, Kojori; N41.6439°, E44.6981°; 1266 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, under rock; leg. A. Seropian; 28 Mar. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1009776. Shida Kartli • 1♀; Khashuri Mun., Kvishkheti Vill.; N41.9613°, E43.5116°; 723 m a.s.l.; Mtkvari R., roadside, under rock; leg. A. Seropian; 8 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1018810
Genetics. A single barcode obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1018810 (BOLD:AFH1035) is the first one of this species to be submitted to the BOLD Systems.
Remarks. A very abundant Ponto-Caucasian species (
GEORGIA – Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♂; Adigeni Mun., 2 km SW of Ijareti Vill.;; N41.64895°, E42.70120°; 1503 m a.s.l.; forest, under rock; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 9 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1018803 (Fig.
Remarks. Transpalaearctic species (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 1♀; Gori, Kvernaki Ridge; N41.9872°, E44.1499°; 716 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland, under rock; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 21 Nov. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1011201 • 1♀, 1♂; N41.9872°, E44.1499°, 713 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland, under rock; 21 Nov. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1011201, 1021000 • 1♀; Gori; N41.9693°, E44.0948°; 932 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, under rock; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 24 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1018733. Kakheti • 1♀; Dedoplistskaro Mun., Chachuna Managed Reserve, Dalis Mta Reservoir; N41.2740°, E45.8876°; 269 m a.s.l.; semidesert, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 18 Apr. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1023793.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1023793 (BOLD:AAP2516), identical in BOLD Systems to S. romanus from Germany (BOLD:AAP2516).
Remarks. Palaearctic species, distributed from North Africa east to China (
GEORGIA – Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♀; Ninotsminda Mun., Bughdasheni Managed Reserve; N41.19855°, E43.68844°; 2042 m a.s.l.; meadow, vegetation; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 11 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1020329 (Supplementary File).
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1020329 (BOLD:AAY7646) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems T. experta from Finland (BOLD:AAY7646, p-distance 0.8%).
Remarks. Transpalaearctic species (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 2♂♂; Gori; N41.9794°, E44.0908°; 586 m a.s.l.; floodplain, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 18 Sep. 2020; CaBOL-IDs 1035484, 1035485.
Remarks. This species has a Palaearctic distribution (except for Iran, Central Asia, and North Africa) (
GEORGIA – Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♀; Ninotsminda Mun., Ninotsminda; N41.2949°, E43.5334°; 1897 m a.s.l.; leaf litter; leg. L. Mumladze; 5 Jul. 2018; CaBOL-ID 1012740.
Remarks. This species is endemic to the Caucasus, recorded throughout the whole region. In Georgia, it was previously reported from the Kakheti and Samachablo regions (
GEORGIA – Adjara • 1♀; Kobuleti Mun., Mtirala NP., Chakvistavi R., near waterfall; N41.67495°, E41.87580°; 300 m a.s.l.; river bed, under rock; leg. S. Otto; 7 Jul. 2010; KBS 184. Tbilisi • 1♀, 1♂; Telovani vill.; N41.8103°, E44.6954°; 921 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, under rock; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 7 Nov. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1020275, 1020288.
Genetics. Two nearly identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1020275 and 1020288 (BOLD:AAQ0207, p-distance 0.15%) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems T. mengei from Switzerland (BOLD:AAY7646, mean p-distance 0.235%).
Remarks. A very abundant species recorded throughout the whole Caucasus (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♀; Vere Valley; N41.71152°, E44.69418°; 633 m a.s.l.; xerothermic Paliurus shrubs, under rock; leg. S. Otto; 27 Mar. 2009; KBS 191. Shida Kartli • 1♀; Gori; N41.9693°, E44.0948°; 932 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, under rock; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 24 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1018698. Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♀; Aspindza Mun., Vardzia; N41.3762°, E43.2763°; 1237 m a.s.l.; meadow, under rock; leg. A. Seropian; 10 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1018699 • 1♀; Ninotsminda Mun., Gandzani Vill.; N41.3554°, E43.6984°; 2313 m a.s.l.; soil layer; leg. L. Mumladze; 19 Aug. 2018; CaBOL-ID 1012747 • 1♀; Poka Vill.; N41.3742°, E43.7731°; 2125 m a.s.l.; soil layer; leg. L. Mumladze; 9 Nov. 2018; CaBOL-ID 1012748.
Genetics. Two nearly identical barcodes from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1018698 and 1018699 (BOLD:AAG9172, p-distance 0.15%) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems T. tenuis from Canada (BOLD:AAG9172, mean p-distance 0.15%).
Remarks. An abundant holarctic species (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♀; Dighomi Vill.; N41.7809°, E44.7096°; meadow, ravine, stream bank, Carpinus orientalis leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 15 Dec. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1021008 (Fig.
Remarks. This species has a disjunct Mediterrano-European distribution. It was not recorded in the Caucasus previously (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♀; Akhmeta Mun., Batsara Nature Reserve; N42.2363°, E45.2857°; 1298 m a.s.l.; broad-leaved forest, under dead wood bark; leg. N. Bulbulashvili.; 29 May 2022; CaBOL-ID 1025537 (Fig.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1025822 (BOLD:AAY8144), identical to the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems T. vagans from Belarus BOLD:AAY8144).
Remarks. This species has a primarily Western European distribution (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♀; Tbilisi; N44.7798°, E41.7195°; 440 m a.s.l.; malaise trap; leg. GGBC/Cabol team; 16 – 31 Jun. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1012834 (Fig.
Remarks. This species has a primarily Western European distribution, with records from Kazakhstan and the Caucasus (except for Armenia and Georgia) (
GEORGIA – Adjara • 1♂; Kobuleti Mun., Kintrishi NP; N41.7608°, E41.9784°; 1200 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, pitfall trap; leg. G. Chaladze; 21 – 22 Sep. 2018; KVS 516.
Remarks. This species is endemic to the Caucasus, recorded (and described) from Georgia (Adjara) and Russia (Karachay-Cherkessia) (
GEORGIA – Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti • 1♀; Tsalenjikha Mun., Skuri; N42.6880°, E42.1606°; 437 m a.s.l.; rock pile; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 31 Jul. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1027695.
Remarks. The troglobiont species endemic to the Caucasus, previously recorded only from Russia (Krasnodar Krai) (
GEORGIA • 1♀; Tbilisi, Vere Valley; N41.70865°, E44.69501°; 700 m a.s.l.; moist river bed, between rocks; leg. S. Otto; 27 Mar. 2009; KVS 358.
Remarks. Species with very disjunctive Palaearctic distribution (
GEORGIA – Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♂, 3♀♀; Didi Abuli Mt.; N41.3600°, E43.7107°; 2223 m a.s.l.; Abuli forest, leaf litter; leg, L. Mumladze; 28 Sep. 2018; CaBOL-IDs 1012749, 1012742, 1012775, 1012776.
Genetics. Four nearly identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1012742, 1012749, 1012775, and 1012776 (BOLD:AFH0867, maximum p-distance 0.15%) with the nearest neighbors in BOLD Systems W. alticeps from Germany (BOLD:AFH0867, mean p-distance 1.6%) and W. antica (Wider, 1834) from Germany (BOLD:AFH0867, mean p-distance 1.6%).
Remarks. The identification via COI gene was not straightforward, as it failed to distinguish W. alticeps from W. antica, although it’s worth noting, that the determination of these similar and strongly related species has caused some confusion in the past: males of both species are almost identical in the structure of their palps (only the diameter of embolus may be slightly different), but epigyne and endogyne are quite distinct as their ecological claims are, too: alticeps is characterized as hygrobiont, and antica as photophilous-xerophilous, although both may exist in the same locality (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 3♀♀; Sagarejo Mun., David Gareja Monastery vicinity; N41.44088°, E45.37847°; 700 m a.s.l.; steppe, under rocks; leg. S. Otto; 9 May 2009; KVS 388. – Tbilisi • 1♀, 1♂; Dighomi Vill.; N41.7820°, E44.7000°; 732 m a.s.l.; meadow, leaf litter; 10 Dec. 2021; leg. Bulbulashvili N.; CaBOL-IDs 1020782 (Figs
Remarks. This species is endemic to the Caucasus, previously recorded in Armenia and Azerbaijan (
GEORGIA • 1♀; Tbilisi, Dighomi Vill.; N41.7809°, E44.7096°; 628 m a.s.l.; meadow, Carpinus orientalis leaf litter; 15 Dec. 2021, leg. Bulbulashvili N.; CaBOL-ID 1020801 (Fig.
Remarks. The nearest known distribution of this species is Turkey (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 1♂; Gori; N41.96933°, E44.09483°; 932 m a.s.l.; forest, under rock; leg. A. Seropian; 24 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1018734 • 1♂; N41.9820°, E44.0879°; 586 m a.s.l.; Mtkvari R. floodplain, under rock; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 14 Nov. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1020779 (Figs
Genetics. Four barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1018734, 1020303, 1020304, and 1020779 (BOLD:ABY2804, mean p-distance 1.58%) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems W. monoceros from Germany (BOLD:ABY2804, mean p-distance 1.53%).
Remarks. Palaearctic species, distributed from Spain east to Central Asia (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 1♂; Gori; N41.9794°, E44.0908°; Mtkvari R. floodplain, leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 5 Nov. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1035471 (Figs
Remarks. This species has a wide Palaearctic distribution (except for the Caucasus, North Africa, Central Asia, and Iran) (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 1♀; Gori, near Gorijvari; N41.97702°, E44.08040°; deciduous forest, leaf litter; leg. A. Seropian; 12 Sep. 2020; KVS 562; CaBOL-ID 1004214. Tbilisi • 1♀; Dighomi park; N41.76946°, E44.77374°; 426 m a.s.l.; meadow; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 15 Sep. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1012555 • 1♂; N41.76947°, E44.77374°; 426 m a.s.l.; meadow; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 14 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1010391 • 1♀; N41.76978°, E44.76984°; 943421 m a.s.l.; meadow, leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 28 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1020325 • 1♀; Didgori Vill.; N41.7854°, E44.6765°; 799 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 18 Dec. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1011123. Kakheti • 1♀; Akhmeta Mun., Batsara Nature Reserve; N42.2240°, E45.3004°; 817 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, in leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 28 Oct. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1025549.
Genetics. Two identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1012555 and 1020325 (BOLD:ABA7471) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems A. cuprea from Norway (BOLD:ABA7471, mean p-distance 0.78%).
Remarks. Species with Palaearctic distribution (except for Turkey and East Asia) (
GEORGIA – Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♀; Tsalka Mun., S of Aiazmi Vill.; N41.54993°, E43.88660°; 1900 m a.s.l.; subalpine Artemisia grassland, field layer; leg. S. Otto; 30 May 2009; KVS 417 • 1♀; N41.54993°, E43.88660°; 1900 m a.s.l.; subalpine Artemisia grassland, field layer; leg. S. Otto; 30 May 2009; KVS 417 • 1♀; Akhalkalaki Mun., Bozali Vill.; N41.2706°, E43.3372°; 1888 m a.s.l.; subalpine meadow, under rocks; leg. L.-G. Japaridze, 8 May 2022; CaBOL-ID 1023865 (Supplementary File).
Remarks. Species with Palaearctic distribution (except for Turkey and East Asia) (
GEORGIA – Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♀; Aspindza Mun., Vardzia; N41.3529°, E43.2518°; 1315 m a.s.l.; steppe, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 13 Oct. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1032038 (Fig.
Remarks. This species is recorded in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, and Turkey (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♂ (subadult); Tbilisi; N41.7698°, E44.7661°; 452 m a.s.l.; artificial pine forest, under rock; leg. A. Seropian; 4 Jan. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1009817.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1009817 (BOLD:AFH4131) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems A. albofasciata from Turkey with an Early-Release status (p-distance 2.1%).
Remarks. This species is distributed from the Mediterranean to Central Asia (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli region • 1♂; Gori; N41.971983°, E44.097053°; 720 m a.s.l.; montane, xerothermic slope; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 21 Oct. 2019; CaBOL-ID 1004198 (Fig.
Genetics. Two identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1004198 and 1018743 (BOLD:AFG9832) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems A. solitaria from an unknown place of origin (BOLD:AAP3201; mean p-distance 1.43%). The identification via COI gene was not straightforward. There are no barcodes of A. cronebergi in BOLD Systems at the moment as we submit the first ones.
Remarks. This species is distributed from Slokavia east to Kazakhstan (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♂; Dedoplistskaro Mun., Artsivis Kheoba (Eagle Gorge); N41.4900°, E46.0975°; 754 m a.s.l.; meadow; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 15 Apr. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1023758 • 2♂♂; Akhmeta Mun., Tbatana; N42.2680°, E45.2588°; 1931 m a.s.l.; subalpine meadow; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 29 May 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1025752, 1025753.
Genetics. Tree nearly identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1023758, 1025752, and 1025753 (BOLD:AAE5793, mean p-distance 0.41%) that had a good match with A. cuneata from Germany (BOLD:AAE5793, mean p-distance 0.62%) in BOLD Systems.
Remarks. Abundant species with a Palaearctic distribution (except for Iran and parts of West and Central Asia) (
GEORGIA – Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♂; Adigeni Mun., SW of Zarzma vill.; N41.64793°, E42.59671°; 1595 m a.s.l.; coniferous forest edge; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 9 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1018688 • 1♂; Akhalkalaki Mun., Tetrobi Managed Reserve; N41.5631°, E43.3533°; 1924 m a.s.l.; coniferous forest; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 12 Oct. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1032048 • 1♂, 1♀; Aspindza Mun., Damala Vill.; N41.5726°, E43.3140°; 1721 m a.s.l.; Quercus sp. forest edge; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and M. Todua; 12 Oct. 2022.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1018688 (BOLD:ACT1390), nearly identical to the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems A. inquilina from Finland (BOLD:ACT1390), mean p-distance 0.62%).
Remarks. Palaearctic species (
GEORGIA – Adjara • 2♂♂; Kobuleti Mun., Kintrishi NP; N41.7608°, E41.9784°; 2400 m a.s.l.; forest, pitfall trap; leg. G. Chaladze; 24. – 25 Aug. 2018; KVS 527. Samtskhe-Javakheti • 5♂♂, 2♀♀; Akhmeta Mun., Tbatana; N42.2680°, E45.2588°; 1931 m a.s.l.; subalpine meadow; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 29 May 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1025664, 1025665, 1025775, 1025776, 1025777, 1025778, 1025779.
Genetics. Five nearly identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1025775, 1025776, 1025777, 1025778, and 1025779 (BOLD:AAE5793, maximum p-distance 0.61%) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems A. purlverulenta from Finland (BOLD:AAE5793, mean p-distance 0.31%).
Remarks. Palaearctic species (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♂; Kojori; N41.6763°, E44.7011°; 1385 m a.s.l.; pine forest; leg. A. Seropian; 8 Apr. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1009764.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1009764 (BOLD:ABU6167), nearly identical to the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems A. sulzeri from Slovenia (BOLD:ABU6167, mean p-distance 0.77%).
Remarks. This species is distributed from Spain east to South Siberia and Kazakhstan (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♂; Dighomi park; N41.7832°, E44.6826°; 815 m a.s.l.; meadow; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 21 Sep. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1016822 • 1♀; Dighomi Vill.; N41.7828°, E44.7004°, 715 m a.s.l.; meadow, under rock, 3 Mar. 2020; leg. A. Seropian; KBS 369 • 1♂; N41.7828°, E44.7004°, 715 m a.s.l.; meadow, on mosses; leg. A. Seropian; 14 Mar. 2020, ex coll. KBS 370. Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♂; Akhaltsikhe Mun., Uraveli Gorge; N41.6145°, E43.0371°; 986 m a.s.l.; steppe; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 10 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1018747 • 3♂♂, 1♀; Aspindza Mun., above Vardzia; N41.38793°, E43.27602°; 1800 m a.s.l.; subalpine, S-exposed meadow, under rocks; leg. S. Otto; 6 Apr. 2009; KBS 198, KVS 374. Shida Kartli • 1♀; Gori; N41.9822°, E44.0871°; 588 m a.s.l.; Mtkvari R. floodplain, under rock; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 14 Nov. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1021054. Kvemo Kartli • 1♂; Gardabani Mun., Gamarjveba vill.; N41.64348°, E45.00259°; 450 m a.s.l.; pseudosteppe, under rock; leg. S. Otto; 11 Aug. 2007; KVS 265.
Genetics. Two nearly identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1016822 and 1018747 (BOLD:AFH1984, p-distance 0.91%) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems as follows: for CaBOL-ID 1016822 A. taeniopus from Bulgaria with a Private status (p-distance 1.82%); for CaBOL-ID 1018787 A. taeniopus from Russia (BOLD:AAH8591; mean p-distance 1.54%).
Remarks. Distributed from Greece to China (
GEORGIA – Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti • 1♀; Tsageri Mun., Zubi Vill.; N42.56777°, E42.66887°; 450 m a.s.l.; leg. F. Walther; 23 Sep. 2011; KVS 309. Shida Kartli • 1♀; Gori; N41.9827°, E44.0872°, 700 m a.s.l.; Mtkvari R., under rock; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 16 May 2020; CaBOL-ID 1004199 • 1♂; N41.9826°, E44.0872°, 588 m a.s.l.; Mtkvari R., under rock; leg. A. Seropian; 25 Oct. 2020; CaBOL-ID 1004251 • 1♀; N41.97760°, E44.10620°; 590 m a.s.l.; under st; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 15 Sep. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1012357. Kakheti • 1♀; Dedoplistskaro Mun., Vashlovani NP, Mijniskure; N41.11183°, E46.64949°; 93 m a.s.l.; Alazani R. bank; leg. A. Seropian; 17 Apr. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1010073.
Remarks. This species has a disjunctive Western Mediterranean-Caucasian distribution (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♂; Khevidzmari R.; N41.8081°, E44.8496°; 534 m a.s.l.; under log, leg. A. Seropian; 15 May 2021; CaBOL-ID 1010057. Kakheti • 1♀; Dedoplistskaro; N41.4642°, E46.0953°; 808 m a.s.l.; pitfall; leg. A. Seropian; 16. – 17 Apr. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1010072. Adjara • 1♂; Kobuleti Mun., Kintrishi NP; N41.7608°, E41.9784°; 430 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, pitfall trap; leg. G. Chaladze; 14. – 15 Jun. 2018; KVS 530. Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti • 2♂♂; Martvili Mun., Tekhuri R. gorge; N42.5992°, E42.3470°; 411 m a.s.l.; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 31 Jul. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1027706.
Genetics. Two nearly identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1010057 and 1010072 (BOLD:ACK6582; p-distance 0.37%), identical with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems A. tbilisiensis from an unknown place of origin (BOLD:ACK6582).
Remarks. This species is distributed from Greece to Azerbaijan and south to Iran. A very abundant species occurs throughout almost the whole Caucasus (except for Armenia). It is the first record of this species from the Adjara and Kakheti regions (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♂; Akhmeta Mun., Tbatana; N42.2680°, E45.2588°; 1931 m a.s.l.; subalpine meadow, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 29 May 2022; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 6 Jun. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1025692.
Remarks. This species is endemic to the Caucasus. The record from India presumably belongs to the undescribed species (
GEORGIA – Kvemo Kartli • 2♂♂; Gardabani Mun., Nagebi Vill.; N41.502262°, E45.096478°; 330 m a.s.l.; steppe; leg. S. Otto; 2 Aug. 2013; KVS 174. Kakheti • 1♀; Sagarejo Mun., David Gareji, Kapatadze L.; N41.5717°, E45.3200°; 823 m a.s.l.; semidesert; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 6 Jun. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1010298.
Remarks. Distributed from Central Europe to East Asia (
GEORGIA – Mtskheta-Mtianeti • 1♀; Dusheti Mun., Matura Valley; N42.46317°, E45.09656°; 1800 m a.s.l; R.bed, under rock; leg. S. Otto; 22 Jul. 2007; KVS 71.
Remarks. This species has a disjunctive Caucaso-Ponto-Mediterranean distribution (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 4♂♂, 1♀; Kvareli Mun., Sabue Vill.; N42.0566°, E45.1232°; 634 m a.s.l; Ilto R. bank, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 30 May 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1025684, 1025789, 1025790, 1025791, 1025792.
Genetics. Two nearly identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1025791, and 1025792 (BOLD:AFH1308, p-distance 0.15%). There are no barcodes of P. azerifalcata available in BOLD Systems at the moment as we submit the first ones.
Remarks. This species has a Caucaso-Iranian distribution (
GEORGIA – Mtskheta-Mtianeti • 3♂♂, 4♀♀; Dusheti Mun., Matura Valley; N42.46686°, E45.09244°; 2000 m a.s.l.; montane meadow; leg. S. Otto; 22 Jul. 2007; KVS 69, KVS 70 • 1♂, 2♀♀; N42.48480°, E45.10867°; 2800 m a.s.l.; alpine grassland; leg. S. Otto; 23 Jul. 2007; KBS 34.
Remarks. The general distribution of this species is Caucaso-Iranian with a record in Europe from Ukraine (
GEORGIA – Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♀; Borjomi Mun., Didi Mitarbi Vill.; N41.7465°, E43.58057°; 1700 m a.s.l.; montane forest; leg. S. Otto; 22 Aug. 2007; KBS 115. Tbilisi • 2♂♂, 2♀♀; Kojori; N41.67450°, E44.69962°; 1400 m a.s.l.; xerothermic shrubland, litter; leg. S. Otto; 12 May 2009; KBS 205.
Remarks. This species is endemic to the Caucasus. In Georgia, it is recorded from the Samachablo and Abkhazia regions. It is the first record of P. caucasica from the Samtskhe-Javakheti region.
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♀; Telavi Mun., Gombori Pass; N41.86319°, E45.27944°; 1600 m a.s.l.; shrubland, field layer; leg. S. Otto; 23 Aug. 2007; KVS 266.
Remarks. In the Caucasus, this species was known from a single locality in Georgia (Samachablo region) (
GEORGIA – Adjara • 1♂; Kobuleti Mun., Kintrishi NP; N41.7608°, E41.9784°; 2400 m a.s.l.; forest, pitfall trap; leg. G. Chaladze; 23. – 25 Aug. 2018; KVS 510 • 1♀; N41.7608°, E41.9784°; 2300 m a.s.l.; forest, pitfall trap; leg. G. Chaladze; 5. – 7 Sep. 2018; KVS 511.
Remarks. A very abundant species in the Caucasus distributed along the Greater Caucasus. In Georgia, this species is recorded from the Mtskheta-Mtianeti and Abkhazia regions (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♂; Sagarejo Mun., Kapatadze L., N of Udabno Vill.; N41.57599°, E45.31475°; 800 m a.s.l.; steppe, saline shore, field layer; leg. S. Otto; 9 May 2009; KBS 203. Samtskhe-Javakheti • 2♂♂, 2♀♀; Tsalka Mun., S of Aiazmi Vill.; N41.54993°, E43.88660°; 1900 m a.s.l.; Artemisia grassland, field layer, leg. S. Otto; KBS 216, KVS 416 • 1♀; Akhalkalaki Mun., Bozali vill.; N41.2706°, E43.3372°; 1888 m a.s.l; subalpine meadow, under rocks; leg. L.-G. Japaridze; 8 May 2022; CaBOL-ID 1023876. Tbilisi • 2♀♀; Dighomi meadows; N41.7965°, E44.7871°; 418 m a.s.l; steppe, temporary pools; leg. L.-G. Japaridze; 1 Jul. 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1026426, 1026429.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1023876 (BOLD:AAI2651) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems P. italica from Turkey (p-distance 015%) with an Early-release status.
Remarks. Species with a disjunct distribution from Portugal east to China (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♂, 1♀; Sagarejo Mun., Kapatadze L., N of Udabno Vill.; N41.57599°, E45.31475°; 800 m a.s.l.; steppe, saline shore, field layer; leg. S. Otto; 9 May 2009; KVS 382.
Remarks. Species with disjunct Palaearctic distribution (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 2♂♂; Vere Valley; N41.70865°, E44.69501°; 700 m a.s.l.; creek, moist bed, under rocks; leg. S. Otto; 27 Mar. 2009; KVS 356 • 1♀; N41.71609°, E44.72004°; 500 m a.s.l.; xerothermic slope, field layer; leg. S. Otto; 13 May 2009; KVS 394.
Remarks. This species is distributed from Portugal to Central Asia and south to Iran (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 2♂♂, 1♀; Dedoplistskaro Mun., Vashlovani NP, Mijniskure; N41.1118°, E46.6495°; 93 m a.s.l.; Alazani R. bank; leg. A. Seropian; 17 Apr. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1010077, 1010373, 1010005 • 4♀♀, 1♂; Sighnaghi Mun., Erisimedi Vill.; N41.5944, E46.3319; 193 m a.s.l.; Alazani R. bank; leg. L. Ninua and G. Iankoshvili; 11 Jun. 2023; CaBOL-IDs 1020903, 1035730, 1035731, 1035732, 1035733.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1010077 (BOLD) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems P. nebulosa from Bulgaria with Private status (p-distance 0.35%).
Remarks. Distributed from Italy to China (
GEORGIA – Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti • 1♀, 1♂; Tsalenjikha Mun., Skuri; N42.6880°, E42.1606°; 437 m a.s.l.; meadow, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 31 Jul. 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1027698, 1027699.
Genetics. Two identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1027698, 1027699 (BOLD:AAI2650) identical to the COI of P. pontica of unknown origin in BOLD Systems (BOLD:AAI2650) mined from GenBank (MG677955).
Remarks. Pardosa pontica is distributed from Bulgaria to Iran (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♂; Dedoplistskaro; N41.4867°, E46.1350°; 716 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 19 Apr. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1023342.
Remarks. Pardosa saltans is distributed in Europe and Turkey (the nearest record) (
GEORGIA – Mtskheta-Mtianeti • 2♀♀; Dusheti Mun., Matura valley; N42.44441°, E45.07033°; 1500 m a.s.l.; montane grassland; leg. S. Otto; 21 Jul. 2007; KVS 65 • 1♂; N42.46686°, E45.09244°; 2000 m a.s.l.; montane meadow; leg. S. Otto; 22 Jul. 2007; KVS 66.
Remarks. This species has a European distribution, with only two records in the Caucasus (Georgia and Chechnya). It is the first record of P. sphagnicola from the Mtskheta-Mtianeti region (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 4♂♂, 1♀; Lagodekhi Mun., Lagodekhi NP; N41.85977°, E46.30848°; 750 m a.s.l.; beech-hornbeam forest, river bed, under rocks; leg. S. Otto; 30 Mar. 2009; KVS 364.
Remarks. Pardosa tatarica is distributed from Portugal to Azerbaijan and south to Iran (
GEORGIA – Adjara • 1♂; Kobuleti Mun., Ispani II wetland; N41.86339°, E41.78367°; 6 m a.s.l.; Sphagnum bog, field layer; leg. S. Otto; 19 May 2009; KVS 403.
Remarks. Species with Holarctic distribution (
GEORGIA – Adjara • 8♀♀; Keda Mun., Zeda Makhuntseti Vill.; N41.57065°, E41.85980°; 100 m a.s.l.; Colchic forest, river bed, rock scree; leg. S. Otto; 18 Aug. 2007; KVS 183 • 8♀♀; Kobuleti Mun., Mtirala NP; N41.67632°, E41.87472°; 300 m a.s.l.; river bed, field layer; leg. S. Otto; 6 Jul. 2010; KBS 183 • 3♂♂, 2♀♀; N41.67495°, E41.87580°; 300 m a.s.l.; river bed, under rocks; leg. S. Otto; 7 Jul. 2010; KVS 335, KBS 184 • 1♂, 3♀♀, 1♂(subadult); Kobuleti Mun., Kintrishi NP, Didvake Vill.; N41.73398°, E42.02444°; 440 m a.s.l.; alder forest, riveri bed, under rocks; leg. S. Otto; 2 Jun. 2009; KBS 219. Kakheti • 1♂; Akhmeta Mun., Batsara Nature Reserve; N42.2240°, E45.3004°; 817 m a.s.l.; Batsara R. bank; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 28 May 2022; CaBOL-ID 1025734. Shida Kartli • 1♂; Kareli Mun., Kintsvisi Vill.; N41.9611°, E43.8370°; 1043 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, stream bank; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 17 Jun. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1026358. Tbilisi • 1♂; Telovani Vill.; N41.8025°, E44.6771°; 928 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, stream bank; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 9 Jun. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1027302.
Genetics. Two identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1027302 and 1026358 (BOLD:ABA3413), identical to the COI gene of P. hurkai mined from GenBank from an unknown place of origin (BOLD:ABA3413) in BOLD Systems.
Remarks. This species is known from the Caucasus (Georgia and N Caucasus) and Ukraine (
GEORGIA – Mtskheta-Mtianeti • 1♂; Tianeti Mun., Orkhevi vill.; N41.9743°, E45.0252°; 1009 m a.s.l.; at Iori R. bank; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 30 May 2022; CaBOL-ID 1025819. Shida Kartli • 1♀; Kareli Mun., Kintsvisi Vill.; N41.9611°, E43.8370°; 1043 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, at the stream bank; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 17 Jun. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1026357.
Genetics. Two nearly identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1025819 and 1026357 (BOLD:AAL4142, p-distance 0.46%) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems P. latitans from Germany and France (BOLD:AAL4142, mean p-distance 0.23%).
Remarks. This species is distributed from the Iberian Peninsula, west to Azerbaijan, and south to Iran (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♂; Telovani; N41.8025°, E44.6771°; 928 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, stream bank; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 9 Jun. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1027310.
Genetics. There are no barcodes of T. cachetiensis in BOLD Systems at the moment as we submit the first one, obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1027310 (BOLD:AAM9675) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems T. terricola mined from GenBank with unknown place of origin (BOLD:AAM9675, p-distance 0.31%). Given such a small genetic distance between our specimen and “T. terricola” from unknown location and the fact, that other closest T. terricola show a distance of a minimum 3.79%, it can be assumed that the barcode of “T. terricola” mined from GenBank should be assigned to T. cachetiensis.
Remarks. This species is endemic to the Caucasus (Georgia, N Caucasus) (
GEORGIA – Mtskheta-Mtianeti • 1♀; Dusheti Mun., Matura valley; N42.44441°, E45.07033°; 1500 m a.s.l.; montane grassland; leg. S. Otto; 21 Jul. 2007; KVS 57. Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♀; Borjomi Mun., Borjomi NP; N41.89500°, E43.33400°; 1500 m a.s.l.; leg. F. Walther; 17 Sep. 2011; KBS 156.
Remarks. The range of this species stretches from the Iberian Peninsula to Tajikistan, north to the Dnipropetrovsk Area in Ukraine, and south to Algeria and Morocco (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 2♂♂; Dedoplistksaro Mun., Chachuna Managed Reserve, Dalis Mta Reservoir; N41.28560°, E45.89528°; 288 m a.s.l.; semidesert, puddles; leg. A. Seropian; 19 Apr. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1010004 (Fig.
Genetics. Three barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1010004 (BOLD:AFH3302), 1010079, and 1023345 (BOLD:AEB1907) (mean p-distance 2.1%) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems W. fidelis from Pakistan (BOLD:AEB1907, mean p-distance 1%).
Remarks. This species is known from South China, the Mediterranean, the Caucasus (Azerbaijan), West, Central, South, Southeast and East Asia (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♀; Sagarejo Mun., near Udabno Vill.; N41.51583°, E45.39669°; 857 m a.s.l.; semidesert, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 8 Jun. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1010315. Tbilisi • 1♂; Dighomi meadows; N41.7965°, E44.7871°; 418 m a.s.l; steppe, under rocks; leg. L.-G. Japaridze; 1 Jul. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1026417 (Figs
Remarks. This species has a disjunct Palaearctic distribution (WSC 2023). In the Caucasus, it is recorded in Dagestan (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♀; Dedoplistskaro Mun., Vashlovani NP, Mijniskure; N41.1249°, E46.6486°; 107 m a.s.l.; semidesert, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 16 Apr. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1023329.
Remarks. This species distribution ranges from the Mediterranean to Central Asia (WSC 2023). In Georgia, it is recorded in the Abkhazia region (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 1♀; Gori, near Gorijvari; N41.97702°, E44.08040°; 600 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, leaf litter; leg. A. Seropian; 12 Sep. 2020; CaBOL-ID 1004213. Kakheti • 1♀; Akhmeta Mun., between Tianeti and Akhmeta; N42.064°, E45.064°; 1000 m a.s.l.; leg. E. Karalashvili and H.-J Krammer; 8 Jul. 2019.
Remarks. This species has a Palaearctic distribution (except for Turkey and N Africa) (
GEORGIA – Adjara • 2♂♂; Kobuleti Mun., Kintrishi NP; N41.7608°, E41.9784°; 430 m a.s.l.; forest, pitfall trap; leg. G. Chaladze; 5 – 8 Sep. 2018; KVS 506.
Remarks. This species is endemic to Georgia (WSC 2023). Previously it was misidentified as R. pontica (Zonstein, Kunt & Yağmur, 2018) (
GEORGIA – Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti • 2♂♂, 1♀; Ambrolauri Mun., Shaori L.; N42.42243°, E43.11075°; 1100 m a.s.l.; cave; leg. S. Otto; 10 Jul. 2010; KBS 178 • 1♂, 4♀♀; Tsageri Mun., NW of Tvishi; N42.52333°, E42.73389°; 300 m a.s.l.; old mining gallery; leg. F. Walther; 8 Oct. 2011; KVS 301. – Adjara • 1♀; Kobuleti Mun., Mtirala NP; N41.67495°, E41.87580°; 300 m a.s.l.; river bed, under rock; leg. S. Otto; 7 Jul. 2010; KBS 184 • 1♂; N41.67795°, E41.84806°; 260 m a.s.l.; Colchic forest, on Buxus shrub; leg. S. Otto; 8 Jul. 2010; KBS 186. – Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti • 2♂♂, 2♀♀; Martvili Mun., Tekhuri R. Gorge; N42.5992°, E42.3470°; 411 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 31 Jul. 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1027156, 1027157, 1027662, 1030850.
Remarks. This troglophyle species is recorded from Georgia, Turkey, and Ukraine (
GEORGIA – Kvemo Kartli • 1♀; Gardabani Mun., Gamarjveba Vill.; N41.64348°, E45.00259°; 450 m a.s.l.; garden, rock pile; leg. S. Otto; 11 Aug. 2007; KVS 263. Tbilisi • 2♀♀; Vere Valley; N41.71609°, E44.72004°; 500 m a.s.l.; xerothermic slope, under rocks; leg. S. Otto; 27 Apr. 2009; KBS 200.
Remarks. This species is distributed from the Mediterranean to Azerbaijan, introduced to North America (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♂; Tbilisi; N41.7124°, E44.7484°; 495 m a.s.l.; building wall; leg. G. Iankoshvili; 24 Jul. 2023; CaBOL-ID 1035869 (see supplementary file) • 2♀♀, 1♂; N41.7124°, E44.7484°; 495 m a.s.l.; building wall; leg. A. Seropian; 2 Aug. 2023; CaBOL-ID 1035871 (see supplementary file), 1035875, 1035876.
Remarks. The known distribution of this species ranges from Armenia to China. In the Caucasus, O. nadiae is recorded in Armenia and Azerbaijan (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♀; Dedoplistskaro, Vashlovani NP, Pantishara Gorge; N41.2400°, E46.3847°; 459 m a.s.l.; semidesert, under rocks; leg. A. Seropian; 18 Apr. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1020791 • 1♂; Chachuna Managed Reserve, Qila Kupra; N41.3338°, E45.7692°; 411 m a.s.l.; semidesert, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 18 Apr. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1023352. (Fig.
Silhouettella osmaniye , male (72: left palp, retrolateral view). Oonops pulcher (73: juvenile, leg I, lateral view; 74: female, endogyne, dorsal view). Orchestina pavesiiformis (75: female, epigyne, ventral view, in situ; 76: endogyne, dorsal view; 77: male, left palp, retrolateral view; 78: same, prolateral view).
Remarks. The structure of the copulative organs of the examined specimens corresponded to those given by
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1juv.; Dighomi Vill.; N41.7818°, E44.7086°; 629 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 19 Nov. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1035470 (Fig.
Remarks. This species is readily distinguished from other congeners occurring in the Caucasus by having 4 pairs of long spines on tibia I ventrally (Fig.
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♀; N41.7573°, E44.7791°; 427 m a.s.l.; bathroom; leg. A. Seropian; 12 Jun. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1025818 • 1♀; N41.7573°, E44.7791°; 427 m a.s.l.; bathroom; leg. A. Seropian; 8 Apr. 2023; CaBOL-ID 1035466 (Figs
Remarks. Orchestina pavesiiformis is a tiny spider originating from Europe, known to easily spread by human activity to other continents (
GEORGIA – Kakheti reigon • 2♂♂, 1♀; Dedoplistskaro Mun., Chachuna Managed Reserve; N41.214409°, E46.01487°; 460 m a.s.l.; semidesert, shrubs; leg. A. Seropian; 16 Jul. 2023; CaBOL-IDs 1035871, 1035872, 1035873.
Remarks. This species is reported from North Africa, Spain, the Balkan Peninsula, Turkey, Caucasus (except for Armenia), and Central Asia (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♀, 1♂; Dedoplistskaro Mun., Vashlovani NP, Mijniskure; N41.1249°, E46.6486°; 107 m a.s.l.; semidesert, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 16 Apr. 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1035465 (Figs
Remarks. It is the first record of Palpimanidae from Georgia. The previous record of P. sogdianus sensu
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♀; Lagodekhi Mun., Lagodekhi NP; N41.83639°, E 28363°; 800 m a.s.l.; montane beech forest, vegetation; leg. S. Otto; 7 Jul. 2009; KBS 137. Adjara • 1♂; Kobuleti Mun., Kintrishi NP; N41.7441°, E42.0834°; 1264 m a.s.l.; mixed forest, malaise trap; 1 Jun. – 15 Jun. 2021; leg. GGBC (CaBOL) team; CaBOL-ID 1012770.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1012770 (BOLD:ACR3732), identical to the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems – P. aureolus from Germany (BOLD:ACR3732).
Remarks. A very abundant species in the Caucasus (
GEORGIA – Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti region • 1♀, 1♂; Ambrolauri Mun., Shaori L.; N42.42243°, E43.11075°; 1100 m a.s.l.; cave; leg. S. Otto; 10 Jul. 2010; KBS 178, KVS 325 • 1♂; Tkibuli Mun., NE of Dzirovani Vill.; N42.38522°, E42.98487°; 1400 m a.s.l.; beech-fir forest, on branches; leg. S. Otto; 10 Jul. 2010; KBS 188.
Remarks. In the Caucasus, this species is recorded in Azerbaijan, N Caucasus, and Georgia (Abkhazia and Samachablo regions, Tbilisi) (
GEORGIA – Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♀; Akhalkalaki Mun., Tabatskuri L.; N41.64434°, E43.59848°; 2000 m a.s.l.; montane pine plantation, on branches; leg. S. Otto; 21 Aug. 2007; KVS 278.
Remarks. Palaearctic species (except for North Africa) (WSC 2023). In Georgia, it was known only from Tbilisi (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♀; Dedoplistskaro Mun., Vashlovani NP, Mijniskure; N41.11100°, E46.64713°; 127 m a.s.l.; Alazani R. bank, tree trunk; leg. A. Seropian; 17 Apr. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1010080. Tbilisi • 1♀; Tbilisi; N44.7798°, E41.7195°; 440 m a.s.l.; urban area, malaise trap; leg. GGBC (CaBOL) team; 12 – 26 Jun. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1021363 (Figs
Remarks. This species is distributed from the Iberian Peninsula to Azerbaijan and south to Iran (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♀; Telovani Vill.; N41.8025°, E44.6771°; 928 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, stream bank; 9 Jul. 2022; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; CaBOL-ID 1027312 (Fig.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1027312 (BOLD:ACR4121), identical in BOLD Systems to P. praedatus from the Netherlands, Switzerland, Bulgaria, and Germany (BOLD:ACR4121).
Remarks. This species is distributed generally in Europe, with records from North Africa (Algeria), Iran, and the Caucasus (Azerbaijan and N Caucasus) (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 1♂; Kaspi Mun., Kodistskaro Vill.; N42.0279°, E44.3575°; 795 m a.s.l.; steppe; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 3 Jun. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1026334.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1026334 (BOLD:AAP3048). identical in BOLD Systems to T. arenarius from Bulgaria (BOLD:AAP3048, p-distance 0.77%).
Remarks. This species is widely distributed in the Caucasus (except for Armenia) (but see
GEORGIA – Kvemo Kartli • 1♀; Gardabani Mun., NE of Poladaantkari Vill.; N41.60837°, E44.99576°; 400 m a.s.l.; shrub steppe; leg. S. Otto; 22 Mar. 2009; KVS 349. Tbilisi • 1♂; Kojori; N41.6794°, E44.7078°; 1000 m a.s.l.; meadow; leg. A. Seropian; 8 Apr. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1010362.
Genetics. A single barcode obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1010362 (BOLD:AAL7639) is identical in BOLD Systems to T. formicinus from Slovenia (BOLD:AAL7639).
Remarks. This species is widely distributed in the Caucasus (except for Armenia) (but see
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♀; Vere Valley; N41.71609°, E44.72004°; 500 m a.s.l.; xerothermic slope, under rock; leg. S. Otto; 27 Apr. 2009; KVS 376 • 1♂; Dighomi Vill.; N41.7806°, E44.1075°; 775 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland; leg. A. Seropian; 3 May 2021; CaBOL-ID 1010396. Kakheti • 1♂; Dedoplistskaro Mun., Vashlovani NP; N41.1394°, E46.5808°; 213 m a.s.l.; steppe, Lekistskali (Mlashetskali) R. bank, under rock; leg. A. Seropian; 17 Apr. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1010002.
Genetics. Two identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1010002 and 1010396 (BOLD:AAQ0164). There are no barcodes of T. imbecillus available in BOLD Systems at the moment as we submit the first ones. The nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems is Thanatus sp. from Turkey with an Early-Release status, which given the mean p-distance of 0.98% to our specimens is likely to be T. imbecillus also.
Remarks. The species is distributed from the Balkan Peninsula to Central Asia and south to Iran (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♂; Tbilisi; N41.7574°, E44.7791°; 455 m a.s.l.; bathroom; leg. A. Seropian; 3 Apr. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1010398 • 1♂; N41.7574°, E44.7791°; 455 m a.s.l.; bathroom; leg. A. Seropian; 7 Apr. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1010432. Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♀; Didi Abuli Mt.; N41.3600°, E43.7107°; 2223 m a.s.l.; Abuli forest, leaf litter; leg. L. Mumladze; 28 Sep. 2019; CaBOL-ID 1012765. Mtskheta-Mtianeti • 1♀; Mtskheta Mun., Shiomghvime; N41.8619°, E44.6404°; 700 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, meadow, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 21 Jun. 2023; CaBOL-ID 1035800.
Genetics. Two identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1010398 and 1010432 (BOLD:AAI0113) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems S. senoculata from Greece (BOLD:AAI0113, mean p-distance 0.31%),
Remarks. A common species in the Caucasus, lacking records from Armenia (
GEORGIA – Guria region • 1♂; Ozurgeti Mun., Gaghma Dvabzu Vill.; N41.93438°, E42.05894°; 200 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, leaf litter; leg. G. Makharadze; 20 Apr. 2020; CaBOL-ID 1004190. Kakheti • 3♀♀; Akhmeta Mun., Batsara Nature Reserve; N42.2240°, E45.3004°; 817 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 28 May 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1025554, 1025682, 1025683. Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♂; Akhaklakai Mun., Bozali Vill.; N41.2714°, E43.3379°; 1866m a.s.l.; subalpine meadow, under rocks; leg. L.-G. Japaridze; 6 May 2022; CaBOL-ID 1025772.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1004190 (BOLD:AFH3455) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems P. festivus from Canada (BOLD:AFH3455, p-distance 2.56%).
Remarks. Palaearctic species, introduced to Canada (WSC 2023). It is an abundant species distributed throughout the whole Caucasus (
GEORGIA – Samtskhe Javakheti region • 3♂♂; Akhaltsikhe Mun., Uraveli Gorge; N41.6145°, E43.0371°; 986 m a.s.l.; steppe, rocky slopes; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 10 Oct. 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1018752, 1018753, 1018754. Tbilisi • 3♂♂; Dighomi Vill.; N41.7775°, E44.7056°; 664 m a.s.l.; steppe, slopes with loose soil; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 17 Sep. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1016828, 1016829, 1016830. Kakheti • 3♂♂; Kvareli Mun., Sabue Vill.; N42.0566°, E45.1232°; 634 m a.s.l; Ilto R. bank, on rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 30 May 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1025768, 1025769, 1025770.
Genetics. Three nearly identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1016828, 1016829, 1016830, 1025768, 1025769, and 1025770 (BOLD:AFH1833) (mean p-distance 0.73%). The maximum p-distance between populations from Dighomi Village (mean p-distance 0.1%) and Sabue Village (mean p-distance 0.81%) was 1.06%. There are no barcodes of A. concolor in BOLD Systems at the moment as we submit the first ones.
Remarks. This species distribution ranges from Greece to Central Asia and south to Iran (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 3♂♂; Gori, Kvernaki Ridge; N41.98555°, E44.13428°; 713 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland, on rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 14 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1010363, 1020272 (Figs
Aelurillus m-nigrum , male (87: left palp, ventral view; 88: same, retrolateral view). Attulus ammophilus, male (89: left palp, ventral view; 90: same, retrolateral view). Attulus rupicola, female (91: endogyne, dorsal view). Attulus saltator, male (92: left palp, ventral view; 93: same, retrolateral view). Bianor albobimaculatus, female (94: epigyne, ventral view, in situ).
Genetics. Two nearly identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1020272 and 1020273 (BOLD:AFG9897) (mean p-distance 0.3%). There are no barcodes of A. m-nigrum in BOLD Systems at the moment as we submit the first ones.
Remarks. Distributed from SE Europe east to China (
GEORGIA – Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♂; Adigeni Mun., Triala L.; N41.6412°, E42.7007°; 1625 m a.s.l.; mixed-forest edge; leg. G. Iankoshvili; 9 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1018708 • 1♂; Aspindza Mun., Vardzia; N41.3760°, E43.2754°; 1247 m a.s.l.; steppe, xerothermic slope; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 10 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1018709.
Remarks. Species with Palaearctic distribution (except for North Africa) (
GEORGIA – Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♂, 1♀, 1juv; Akhaltsikhe Mun., Atskuri Vill.; N41.72819°, E43.16514°; 1000 m a.s.l.; xerothermic pasture; leg. S. Otto; 5 Apr. 2009; KVS 370. Tbilisi • 1♂, Tbilisi; N41.7691°, E44.7634°; 446 m a.s.l.; steppe, on rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 31 Mar. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1023280.
Remarks. Species with Palaearctic distribution (except for North Africa, Turkey, and Iran) (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 1♀; Gori; N41.98586°, E44.10920°; 600 m a.s.l.; xerothermic southern slope, under rocks; leg. S. Otto; 7 Apr. 2009; KBS 199. Tbilisi • 1♂; Telovani Vill.; N41.80623°, E44.68700°; 940 m a.s.l.; steppe, on rocks; leg. A. Seropian; 8 Aug. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1010403 (Figs
Remarks. It is an east Mediterranean–Central Asian species, recorded from Turkey and Ukraine in the west, the Caucasus (except for Georgia) and Iran, to Kyrgyzstan and Afghanistan in the east, and introduced to North America (
GEORGIA – Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti • 1♀; Zugdidi Mun., Kolkheti NP; N42.33802°, E41.61131°; 0 m a.s.l.; sea coast; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 2 Aug. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1030865.
Remarks. The examined specimen is the third record of this species in the Caucasus – previous records are from Krasnodar Krai of Russia and Georgia (Abkhazia region) (
GEORGIA – Kvemo Kartli • 1♂; Bolnisi Mun., Tandzia Vill.; N41.4523°, E44.3605°; 915 m a.s.l.; forest edge, on ground; leg. Bulbulashvili N.; 16 Jun. 2023; CaBOL-ID 1035763.
Remarks. Distributed from France to Japan (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 1♂; Kaspi Mun., Khovle Vill.; N41.8840°, E44.2510°; 1069 m a.s.l.; meadow, mixed forest; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 30 Jun. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1011727 • 1♀; Gori Mun., Gori; N41.97702, E44.08040; edge of deciduous forest, leaf litter; leg. A. Seropian; 12 Sep. 2020; KBS 368. Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♂; Aspindza Mun., Pia Vill.; N41.43702°, E43.30781°; 1222 m a.s.l.; steppe, on rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 13 Oct. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1032732. Kakheti • 1♀; Sighnaghi Mun., Erisimedi Vill.; N41.5944, E46.3319; 193 m a.s.l.; leg. G. Iankoshvili; 11 Jun. 2023; CaBOL-ID 1020892.
Remarks. Attulus relictarius is endemic to the Caucasus (WSC 2023), recorded in Azerbaijan, N Caucasus, and Georgia (Kakheti, Adjara, Abkhazia, and Samtskhe-Javakheti regions). It is the first record of this species from the Shida Kartli region.
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♀; Akhmeta Mun., NW of Akhmeta, Aniskhevi R.; N42.0830°, E45.3004°; 1022 m a.s.l.; meadow; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 30 May 2022; CaBOL-ID 1025806 (Fig.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1025806 (BOLD:AFH3371) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems P. rupicola from Switzerland (BOLD:ACA5322, p-distance 2.78%).
Remarks. Distributed from Spain to the Caucasus (
GEORGIA – Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♀ (subadult); Aspindza Mun., Vardzia; N41.3760°, E43.2754°; 1247 m a.s.l.; xerothermic steppe slope; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 10 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1011146. Shida Kartli • 1♂; Gori, Kvernaki Ridge; N41.9870°, E44.1562°; 667 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland, rocky slopes; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 27 Apr. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1023807 (Figs
Genetics. Three barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1011146, 1023807 and 1023808 (BOLD:AAZ7729, mean p-distance 1.01%) have the same match in BOLD Systems with barcodes of A. saltator from Finland with Private status (mean p-distance 0.56%) and barcodes of A. penicilloides (Wesołowska, 1981) from Germany (BOLD:AAZ7729, mean p-distance 0.56%). Attulus penicilloides was described by a single female from North Korea and A. saltator is a species widely distributed in Europe (e.g., in Germany) it’s clear that all European barcodes of A. penicilloides should be ascribed to A. saltator.
Remarks. This species has a Palaearctic distribution (except for North Africa, Iran, and East Asia) (
GEORGIA – Kvemo Kartli • 1♀; Gardabani Mun., Gamarjveba Vill.; N41.63903°, E45.01393°; 460 m a.s.l.; reed; leg. S. Otto; 8 Sep. 2006; KVS 5. Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti • 1♀; Zugdidi Mun., Kolkheti NP; N42.33802°, E41.61131°; 1 m a.s.l.; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 2 Aug. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1030866 (Fig.
Remarks. Distributed from South Africa to the Mediterranean, NE to Central Asia, with records from India and Nepal (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♂; Sagarejo Mun., David Gareji monster vicinity; N41.45672°, E45.35958°; 720 m a.s.l.; semidesert; leg. A. Seropian; 8 Jun. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1010392 (Fig.
Chalcoscirtus tanasevichi , male (95: tibial apophysis, retrolateral view). Cyrba algerina, female (96: endogyne, dorsal view). Cyrba ocellata, male (97: left palp, ventral view). Icius hamatus, male (98: left palp, ventral view; 99: same, retrolateral view). Leptorchestes berolinensis, male (100: left palp, ventral view). Mogrus neglectus (101: left palp, ventral view; 102: epigyne, ventral view, in situ; 103: endogyne, dorsal view).
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1010392 (BOLD:AFH3421) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems C. nigritus (Thorell, 1875) from Russia with an Early-Release status (p-distance 5.86%). There are no barcodes of C. tanasevichi in BOLD Systems at the moment as we submit the first one.
Remarks. Distributed from Turkey east to Central Asia (
GEORGIA – Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♀; Aspindza Mun., Pia Vill.; N41.43702°, E43.30781°; 1222 m a.s.l.; steppe, on rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 10 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1018683 (Fig.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1018683 (BOLD:AAM9266) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems C. algerina from unknown location (BOLD:AAM9266, p-distance 1.79%).
Remarks. Distributed from the Mediterranean to Central Asia (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 2♂♂; Tbilisi; N41.75927°, E44.77949°; 428 m a.s.l.; apartment; leg. A. Seropian; 20 May 2020; CaBOL-IDs 1004196 (Fig.
Genetics. Two identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1010006, 1026984 (BOLD:ACR0186) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems C. ocellata from India with Private status (p-distance 1.69%).
Remarks. Species with a very wide and disjunct range, encompassing Eastern Africa, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Indo-China, introduced to Australia (
GEORGIA – Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♀; Ninotsminda Mun., Gandzani Vill.; N41.3554°, E43.6984°; 2313 m a.s.l.; leaf litter; leg. L. Mumladze; 19 Aug. 2018; CaBOL-ID 1012772.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1012772 (BOLD:AAY5220) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems D. rudis from Austria (BOLD:AAY5220, p-distance 1.22%).
Remarks. This species has a Palaearctic distribution (except for North Africa, Iran, and East Asia). In Georgia, it was previously recorded from Tbilisi and the Samachablo region (
GEORGIA – Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti • 1♀; Martvili Mun., Tekhuri R. gorge; N42.5992°, E42.3470°; 411 m a.s.l.; meadow, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 31 Jul. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1030857. Mtskheta-Mtianeti • 1♀; Mtskheta Mun., Shiomghvime; N41.8619°, E44.6404°; 700m a.s.l.; meadow, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 21 Jun. 2023; CaBOL-ID 1035798.
Remarks. Palaearctic species, known from numerous localities in Georgia and the Caucasus (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 1♀; Gori, Kvernaki Ridge; N41.99245°, E44.15016°; 767 m a.s.l.; steppe, on Cirsium sp.; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 30 May 2021; CaBOL-ID 1010263 • 1♂(sub); N41.99245°, E44.15016°; 767 m a.s.l.; steppe; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 24 Jun. 2021 (matured on 30 Jun. 2021); CaBOL-ID 1010291. Tbilisi • 1♂; Dighomi Vill.; N41.7812°, E44.7024°; 734 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland; leg. G. Makharadze; 17 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1012922.
Remarks. Palaearctic species (except for North Africa, most of Central Europe, and Iran) (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 1♀; Gori; N41.9807°, E44.0926°; 584 m a.s.l.; floodplain; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 5 Sep. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1012356 • 1♂; Gori, Kvernaki ridge; N41.9834°, E44.1495°; 641 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 4 Apr. 2023; CaBOL-ID 1035464.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1012356 (BOLD:AAZ7819) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems H. lineiventris with Private status from Russia (p-distance 1.08%).
Remarks. Palaearctic species, distributed from the Iberian Peninsula to East Asia (
GEORGIA – Kvemo Kartli • 1♀; Marneuli Mun., Shulaveri; N41.3681, E44.8219; 479 m a.s.l.; steppe, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili, A. Seropian and A. Zukakishvili; 3 Jun. 2023; CaBOL-ID 1020886.
Remarks. Palaearctic species, distributed in the Mediterranean, Balkan Peninsula, Turkey, the Caucasus, CE and SE Russia (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♂; Vere Valley; N41.71609°, E44.72004°; 500 m a.s.l.; xerothermic slope, under rock; leg. S. Otto; 31 May 2009; KVS 421.
Remarks. It is an eastern Mediterranean–Central Asian species recorded from Ukraine, SE Russia, the Caucasus, Afghanistan, and Iran (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♀; Tbilisi; N41.72960°, E44.79589°; 533 m a.s.l.; Syringa bush; leg. A. Seropian; 2 Aug. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1010292 • 1♂; N41.72960°, E44.79589°; 533 m a.s.l.; Syringa bush; leg. A. Seropian; 9 Aug. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1010414 (Figs
Remarks. Species with Ponto-Mediterranean distribution (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 1♂; Gori; N41.9801°, E44.1907°; 611 m a.s.l.; steppe, rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 14 May 2022; CaBOL-ID 1023933 (Fig.
Genetics. Four identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1011735, 1012388, 1018768, and 1023933 (BOLD:AFH3261). Identification via CO1 subunit barcode was not straightforward: the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems L. sikorskii Prószyński, 2000 from Bulgaria with Private status (p-distance 1.7%). The second best match is L. beroliensis from Bulgaria (BOLD:ABA8705, p-distance 3.23%).
Remarks. Distributed from the Iberian Peninsula to Central Asia (
GEORGIA – Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti • 1♂; Poti Mun., Kolkheti NP; N of Pichori R.; N42.14758°, E41.82526°; 0 m a.s.l.; grass; leg. S. Otto; 17 May 2009; KVS 397.
Remarks. Palaearctic species, in the Caucasus recorded only from Georgia (
GEORGIA – Kvemo Kartli • 1♀; Gardabani Mun., Gamarjveba Vill.; N41.63903°, E45.01393°; 460 m a.s.l.; reed; leg. S. Otto; 8 Sep. 2006; KVS 3. Adjara • 1♂; Kobuleti Mun., Ispani II wetland; N41.86339°, E41.78367°; 6 m a.s.l.; Sphagnum bog, field layer; leg. S. Otto; 22 May 2009; KVS 408. Shida Kartli • 2♂♂, 1♀; Kaspi Mun., Kodistskaro Vill.; N42.0170°, E44.3517°; 709 m a.s.l.; floodplain, Arundo sp.; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 24 Aug. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1012395, 1012419, 1012431.
Remarks. Distributed from the Mediterranean to East Asia (
GEORGIA – Kvemo Kartli • 1♀, 1juv.; Gardabani Mun., Kumisi Vill.; N41.59954°, E44.84175°; 530 m a.s.l.; steppe; leg. A. Seropian; 7 Jun. 2019; CaBOL-ID 1004195 (Figs
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1004195 (BOLD:AFH1320). There are no barcodes of M. neglectus in BOLD Systems at the moment as we submit the first one.
Remarks. Species with a Palaearctic distribution, known from the Balkan Peninsula, Greece, Turkey, the Caucasus (NW Caucasus, Azerbaijan), Cyprus, Israel, Iran, and Kazakhstan (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 2♀♀, 1♂; Kaspi Mun., Kodistskaro; N42.0174°, E44.3495°; 712 m a.s.l.; Mtkvari R. floodplain, Arundo sp.; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 25 Aug. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1012393, 1012405, 1012417. Kvemo Kartli • 1♀; Gardabani Mun., Kumisi Vill; N41.6027°, E44.8163°; 494 m a.s.l.; Phragmítes thicket; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 24 Sep. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1016826. Kakheti • 1♀; Akhmeta Mun., Batsara Nature Reserve; N42.0722°, E45.3900°; 431 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, meadow; leg. Cabol team; 27 May 2022; CaBOL-ID 10301236.
Genetics. Three identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1012405, 1012417, and 1016826 (BOLD:ABA9498) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems M. formicaria from Germany (BOLD:ABA9498, p-distance 0.62%).
Remarks. Species with a Holarctic distribution (introduced to North America) (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♀; Tbilisi, N41.76991°, E44.76664°; 450 m a.s.l.; colline, Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland; leg. A. Seropian; 30 Apr. 2020, CaBOL-ID 1004203.
Remarks. Species with a Caucaso-Eastern Mediterranean distribution (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♀; Sagarejo Mun., David Gareja Monastery vicinity; N41.44088°, E45.37847°; 700 m a.s.l.; steppe, under rocks; leg. S. Otto; 9 May 2009; KVS 385. Tbilisi • 1♀; Dighomi Vill.; N41.7809°, E44.7096°; 628 m a.s.l.; meadow, Carpinus orientalis leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 15 Dec. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1020755.
Remarks. Distributed in South and Central Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Israel (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 2♂♂; Vere Valley; N41.71609°, E44.72004°; 500 m a.s.l.; xerothermic slope, under rock; leg. S. Otto; 27 Apr. 2009; KVS 377 • 1♂; N41.71609°, E44.72004°; 500 m a.s.l.; xerothermic slope, under rock; leg. S. Otto; 1 May 2009; KBS 202 • 2♂♂, 1♀; Dighomi Vill.; N41.78308°, E44.70042°; 728 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland; leg. A. Seropian; 20 Oct. 2019 (male adult 20 Mar. 2020, female adult 2 May 2020); CaBOL-IDs 1004187 (Fig.
Pellenes diagonalis , male (104: left palp, ventral view). Pellenes geniculatus, female (105: endogyne, dorsal view). Phlegra cinereofasciata, male (106: left palp, ventral view; 107: same, retrolateral view). Plexippoides gestroi, female (108: endogyne, dorsal view). Pseudeuophrys vafra, male (109: left palp, ventral view; 110: same, retrolateral view). Saitis tauricus, male (111: left palp, ventral view; 112: same, retrolateral view).
Genetics. Two identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1004187 and 1004189 (BOLD:AFH2216) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems P. diagonalis from Turkey with an Early-Release status (p-distance 1.71%).
Remarks. Species with a Caucaso-Eastern Mediterranean distribution, recorded in Israel and Iran (
GEORGIA – Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♂, 2juv; Akhaltsikhe Mun., Atskuri Vill.; N41.72819°, E43.16514°; 1000 m a.s.l.; xerothermic pasture, field layer; leg. S. Otto; 5 Apr. 2009; KVS 371. – Tbilisi • 1♂; Telovani Vill.; N41.8000°, E44.6824°; 874 m a.s.l.;, forest edge, rocky slope; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 24 Feb. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1021074. Kvemo Kartli • 1♂; Bolnisi Mun., Tandzia Vill.; N41.4523°, E44.3605°; 915 m a.s.l.; forest edge; leg. Bulbulashvili N.; 16 Jun. 2023; CaBOL-ID 1035761.
Remarks. Species with a disjunct distribution, known from South Africa, and from Greece east to China (
GEORGIA Tbilisi – • 1♀; Vashlijvari; N41.75488°, E44.75176°; 617 m a.s.l.; steppe; leg. A. Seropian; 20 Aug. 2020; KVS 559; CaBOL-ID 1004208 (Fig.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1004208 (BOLD:AAZ9048) identical in BOLD Systems to P. geniculatus with Private status from Russia.
Remarks. Distributed from the Mediterranean east to Central Asia (
GEORGIA – Kvemo Kartli • 5♂♂; Gardabani Mun., NE of Poladaantkari Vill.; N41.60837°, E44.99576°; 400 m a.s.l.; shrub steppe; leg. S. Otto; 22 Mar. 2009; KVS 352. Shida Kartli • 1♀; Gori; N41.9771°, E44.0984°; 589 m a.s.l.; steppe, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 13 Sep. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1012541. Kakheti • 1♀; Sagarejo Mun., David Gareji monastery vicinity; N41.4567°, E45.3596°; 720 m a.s.l.; semidesert; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 8 Jun. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1010380.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1010380 (BOLD:AAZ9048) identical in BOLD Systems to P. nigrociliatus with Private status from Russia.
Remarks. Distributed from the Mediterranean east to Central Asia (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♂; Dighomi Vill.; N° 41.7828, E44.7005°; 775 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland, rocks; leg. A. Seropian, 24 Apr. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1010408.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1010408 (BOLD:AFH2081) with the nearest neighbors in BOLD Systems P. seriatus from Bulgaria and P. tripunctatus (Walckenaer, 1802) from Germany, both with a Private Status. Identification via CO1 subunit barcode was not straightforward despite pronounced differences in morphology, especially in the males of these two species.
Remarks. Distributed from the Mediterranean east to Central Asia and south to Iran (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 2♂♂, 1♀; Vashlijvari; N41.75488°, E44.75176°; 617 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland; leg. A. Seropian; 20 Aug. 2020; CaBOL-IDs 1004192 (Figs
Genetics. Two identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1004192 and 1004193 (BOLD:AFH2913) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems P. cinereofasciata from France with a private status (p-distance 3.26%).
Remarks. Distributed from the Mediterranean to China (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 2♀♀; Tbilisi; N41.72991°, E44.79641°; 400 m a.s.l.; wall; leg. A. Seropian; 1 Jul. 2020; CaBOL-IDs 1004205, 1004206. Kakheti • 1♀; Dedoplistskaro Mun., Vashlovani NP, Pantishara Gorge; N41.24005°, E46.38471°; 528 m a.s.l.; semidesert; leg. A. Seropian; 16 Apr. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1010081 (Fig.
Remarks. This species is recorded in the eastern Mediterranean, Caucasus, Iran, and Iraq (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♀; Sagarejo Mun., David Gareji monastery vicinity; N41.44088°, E45.0391°; 700 m a.s.l.; steppe, under rocks; leg. S. Otto; 9 May 2009; KVS 386.
Remarks: Distributed in the Mediterranean, Caucasus, Central Europe, Asia (
GEORGIA – Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti • 1♂; Senaki Mun., SE of Senaki; N42.26500°, E42.08583°; 20 m a.s.l.; leg. F. Walther; 25 Sep. 2011; KVS 303. Tbilisi • 1♂; Tbilisi; N41.75737°, E44.77898°; 427 m a.s.l.; apartment; leg. A. Seropian; 24 Sep. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1016884 (Figs
Genetics. Two barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1016884 and 1012898 (BOLD:AFH2167, p-distance 1.01%). There are no barcodes of P. vafra in BOLD Systems at the moment as we submit the first ones.
Remarks. It is the first record of this species from the Caucasus (WSC 2023;
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • ♂; Tbilisi; N41.7629°, E44.7725°; 437 m a.s.l.; suburban; leg. A. Seropian, 24 Aug. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1012487, 1012535
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1012487 (BOLD:AAY8456) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems P. encarpatus from Germany (BOLD:AAY8456, p-distance 0.77%).
Remarks. Distributed from Europe to Central Asia (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♂; Tbilisi; N41.759269°, E44.779494°; 400 m a.s.l.; apartment; leg. A. Seropian; 16 Apr. 2020; CaBOL-ID 1004201 (Figs
Genetics. Two identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1004201 and 1004202 (BOLD:AAL7842), identical to the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems S. tauricus from Bulgaria (BOLD:AAL7842).
Remarks. Material from Tbilisi represents the first record of Saitis Simon, 1876 to the Caucasus. Saitis tauricus could have been imported several times with goods from the Crimean Peninsula, as our findings in two consecutive years and the very recent observations in iNaturalist from Georgia could also indicate an established population in Tbilisi.
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♂; Dedoplistskaro Mun., Chachuna Managed Reserve, Dalis Mta Reservoir; N41.27895°, E45.89319°; 285 m a.s.l.; semidesert, under rocks; leg. A. Seropian; 18 Apr. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1010071 (Figs
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1018627 (BOLD:AFH3586). There are no barcodes of S. tricinctus in BOLD Systems at the moment as we submit the first one.
Remarks. Salticus tricinctus is recorded in the eastern Mediterranean, Caucasus, Iran, Kazakhstan, and Afghanistan (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♂; Kvareli Mun., SW of Gremi Vill. (Kakheti region); N42.00272°, E45.65850°; 500 m a.s.l.; xerothermic shrubland, under rock; leg. S. Otto; 1 Apr. 2009; KVS 366.
Remarks. This species is known from Kyrgyzstan and Azerbaijan (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♀; Tbilisi; N41.73118°, E44.79466°; 436 m a.s.l.; Ficus carica; leg. A. Seropian; 28 May 2021; CaBOL-ID 1010344 (Figs
Remarks. This species is known from the Mediterranean, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Russia (Europe), and Caucasus (
GEORGIA – Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti • 1♀; Mestia Mun., SW of Ushguli Vill.; N42.8836°, E43.057416°; 1100 m a.s.l.; in grass; leg. S. Otto; 10 Jul. 2010; KVS 345. Shida Kartli • 1♂; Gori. Kvernaki ridge; N41.7596°, E44.1907; 435 m a.s.l.; rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 5 Jun. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1023937.
Remarks. Species with a wide Palaearctic distribution, introduced to North America (WSC 2023;
GEORGIA – Shida Karlti region • 1♂ (subadult); Gori; N41.9781°, E44.1068°; 591 m a.s.l.; wall; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 9 Aug. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1011618. Kvemo Kartli • 1♂, 1♀; Gardabani Mun., Gamarjveba Vill.; N41.64348°, E45.00259°; 450 m a.s.l.; garden; leg. S. Otto; 25 May 2009; Janashia Museum Tbilisi (coll. no. B1-01) • 1♂; N41.64348°, E45.00259°; 450 m a.s.l.; garden; leg. S. Otto; 1 Jun. 2007; KVS 287 • 1♂; N41.64348°, E45.00259°; 450 m a.s.l.; garden; leg. T. Shetekauri; 1 Jun. 2008; KVS 346.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1011618 (BOLD:AFH0690). There are no barcodes of O. sericeus in BOLD Systems at the moment as we submit the first one.
Remarks. This species has a Central Asian-Caucasian distribution with records from Iran and Afghanistan (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 2♀♀; Dedoplistskaro, Artsiviskheoba Gorge (Eagle Gorge); N41.4895°, E46.0967°; 751 m a.s.l.; cave; leg. A. Sanakoeva and A. Seropian; 21 Apr. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1010078, 1010383.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1010078 (BOLD:AAO1855) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems M. bourneti from Germany (BOLD:AAO1855, p-distance 0.18%).
Remarks. Distritubed from the Mediterranean to the Caucasus (
GEORGIA – Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♂; Borjomi Mun., Bakuriani; N41.74874°, E43.52424°; 1700 m a.s.l.; montane forest; leg. S. Otto; 22 Aug. 2007 (adult 25 Sep. 2007); KVS 25. Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti region • 1♂; Tkibuli Mun., Nakerala Ridge; N42.38522°, E42.98487°; 1400 m a.s.l.; beech-fir forest, branches; leg. S. Otto; 10 Jul. 2010; KBS 188.
Remarks. Species with a wide Palaearctic distribution range (WSC 2023;
GEORGIA – Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti region • 2♂♂, 7♀♀; Tsageri Mun., NW of Tvishi; N42.52333°, E42.73389°; 300 m a.s.l.; old mining gallery; leg. F. Walther; 8 Oct. 2011; KVS 302. Kakheti • 2♀♀; Dedoplistskaro, Artsiviskheoba Gorge (Eagle Gorge); N41.4895°, E46.0967°; 751 m a.s.l.; in cave; leg. A. Sanakoeva & A. Seropian; 21 Apr. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1010008, 1010070.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1010070 (BOLD:AAE7901) nearly identical to the COI gene of the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems M. merianae from Germany BOLD:AAE7901, p-distance 0.17%).
Remarks. Species with a wide Palaearctic distribution range (WSC 2023;
GEORGIA – Mtskheta-Mtianeti • 6♂♂, 4♀♀; Dusheti Mun., W of Chargali Vill., Pshavi-Arakvi Valley; N42.32447°, E44.89368°; 1000 m a.s.l.; montane shrubs; leg. S. Otto; 30 Aug. 2006; KVS 13, KBS 10. Samtskhe-Javakheti • 2♀♀; Borjomi Mun., Tsaghveri; N41.80350°, E43.48135°; 1000 m a.s.l.; leg. F. Walther; 17 Sep. 2011; KBS 152 • 1♂; Kvishkheti, Mtkvari R.; N41.9613°, E43.5116°; 723 m a.s.l.; floodplain, river bank, vegetation; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 8 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1018750.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1018750 (BOLD:AAD1127), identical in BOLD Systems to COI genes of M. segmentata from Germany, Norway, Slovenia, Canada, and Austria (BOLD:AAD1127).
Remarks. A very abundant Palaearctic species, introduced to North America (WSC 2023;
GEORGIA – Samtskhe-Javakheti • 2♀♀; Ninotsminda Mun., Bugdasheni Managed Reserve, Bugdasheni L.; N41.1985°, E43.6884°; 2042 m a.s.l.; lake shore, vegetation; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 11 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1018770, 1018771.
Genetics. Two barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1018770 (BOLD:AAC2188) and 1018771 (BOLD:AFH3979) (p-distance 1.22%) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems P. clercki from Canada (BOLD:AAC2188, mean p-distance 0.77%).
Remarks. Species with a Holarctic distribution range (WSC 2023;
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♀; Dighomi park; N41.7695°, E44.7737°; 426 m a.s.l.; meadow; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 15 Sep. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1016894. Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♀; Ninotsminda Mun., Saghamo L.; N41.2941°, E43.7309°; 2006 m a.s.l.; meadow, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 11 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1018626 • 1♂; Madatapa Managed Reserve; N41.1968°, E43.7587°; 2128 m a.s.l.; meadow, under stone; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 11 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1018653 • 1♂, 3♀♀; Aspindza Mun., Vardzia; N41.3529°, E43.2518°; 1315 m a.s.l.; steppe, Mtkvari R. bank; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 13 Oct. 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1032703, 1032704, 1032705, 1032706. Shida Kartli • 1♂; Khashuri Mun., Kvishkheti Vill.; N41.9613°, E43.5116°; 723 m a.s.l.; Mtkvari R. bank, vegetation; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 8 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1018695.
Genetics. Two nearly identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1016894 and 1018695 (BOLD:AAP5593, p-distance 0.15%) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems P. degeeri from Turkey with an Early-Release status (mean p-distance 0.85%). The second nearest neighbor is P. degeeri from France (BOLD:ABY9214, mean p-distance 2.39%).
Remarks. Palaearctic species (
GEORGIA – Mtskheta-Mtianeti • 1♀; Tianeti Mun., Orkhevi Vill.; N41.9743°, E45.0252°; 1009 m a.s.l.; Iori R. bank; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 30 May 2022; CaBOL-ID 1025824.
Remarks. Palaearctic species (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 1♀; Kareli Mun., Kintsvisi Vill.; N41.9611°, E43.8370°; 1043 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 17 Jun. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1026381.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1026381 (BOLD:AAK0768) nearly identical in BOLD Systems to A. vittatus from Germany (BOLD:AAK0768, p-distance 0.15%).
Remarks. Palaearctic species with distribution range from the Mediterranean west to Iran and north to Scandinavia (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♂, 1♀; Telovani Vill.; N41.81156°, E44.68843°; 850 m, a.s.l.; montane, broad-leaved forest, under rock; leg. A. Seropian; 16 Nov. 2020; CaBOL-IDs 1004224 (Figs
Genetics. Two identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1004224 and 1004225 (BOLD:AFH3594) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems C. tibialis from Turkey with an Early-Release status (p-distance 1.7%).
Remarks. This species has a disjunctive distribution and is known from southern Europe, the Middle East, and Africa (
GEORGIA – Guria region • 1♂, 1juv; Ozurgeti Mun., Gaghma Dvabzu Vill.; N41.93438°, E42.05894°; 14. – 22 Apr. 2020; leg. G. Makharadze; KVS 366. Kakheti • 1♂, 1♀; Sagarejo Mun., Gombori Pass; N41.86492°, E45.27787°; 1600 m a.s.l.; pasture; leg. S. Otto; 1 Apr. 2009; KBS 104 • 1♀; David Gareja Monastery vicinity; N41.44088°, E45.37847°; 700 m a.s.l.; steppe, under rocks; leg. S. Otto; 9 May 2009; KBS 204. Shida Kartli • 1♀; Gori; N41.9771°, E44.0984°; 589 m a.s.l.; dry steppe, under rock; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 13 Sep. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1012542. Tbilisi • 1♀, 1♂, Didgori Vill.; N41.7854°, E44.6765°; 789 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili, 18 Dec. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1020803, 1020804 • 1♂, Telovani Vill.; N41.8016°, E44.6789°; 913 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 7 Jan. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1020719.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1012542 (BOLD:AFH2082) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems C. guttata from Turkey (BOLD:AAO1658, p-distance 0.31%).
Remarks. Species with a Palaearctic distribution (except for North Africa and Turkey) (
GEORGIA –Tbilisi • 1♂; Dighomi Vill.; N41.77744°, E44.70509°, alt. 673 m a.s.l.; mossy slope, under rock; leg. A. Seropian; 28 Oct. 2018; CaBOL-ID 1004191 (Fig.
Genetics. Seven nearly identical barcodes from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1012472, 1012473, 1018720, 1018721, 1018722, 1018723, and 1018724 (BOLD:AAG0863, mean p-distance 0.2%) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems C. sticta from Germany (BOLD:AAG0863, mean p-distance 0.26%).
Remarks. Palaearctic species (
GEORGIA – Guria region • 1♀; Ozurgeti Mun., Gaghma Dvabzu Vill., N41.93438°, E42.05894°, 200 m a.s.l.; settlement; leg. G. Makharadze; 14.-22 Apr. 2020; CaBOL-ID 1004186.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1004186 (BOLD:ACX0542), identical to the COI genes of C. riparia from Bulgaria with a Private status and of another specimen from an unknown place of origin in BOLD Systems (BOLD:ACX0542).
Remarks. Species with a Palaearctic distribution (except for North Africa, Central Asia, and the Middle East) (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♂; Dighomi park; N41.76990°, E44.77041°; 440 m a.s.l.; mixed forest, tree; leg. A. Seropian; 6 May 2021; CaBOL-ID 1010361 (Fig.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1010361 (BOLD:ACB2315) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems D. torva from Finland (BOLD:ACB2315, p-distance 0.61%).
Remarks. European species with a record from Kazakhstan (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 1♀; Gori, Kvernaki Ridge; N41.9801°, E44.1907°; 611 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 14 May 2022; CaBOL-ID 1023943. Tbilisi • 3♂♂; Dighomi Vill.; N41.77702°, E44.70652°; 654 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 27 Apr. 2023; CaBOL-IDs 1035456 (Figs
Genetics. A single barcode from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1023943 (BOLD:AAN2962) identical in BOLD Systems to the COI of E. parathoracica from Turkey with an Early-Release status, that clearly belongs to the same species as the material from Georgia. There are no barcodes of the correctly determined E. mediterranea in BOLD Systems at the moment as we submit the first one.
Remarks. This species is distributed from Greece east to Iran and south to Israel (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♂, 2♀♀; Sagarejo Mun., David Gareji Monastery vicinity; N41.44088°, E45.37847°; 700 m a.s.l.; steppe, under rocks; leg. S. Otto; 9 May 2009; KVS 387, KBS 204.
Remarks. This species has a disjunct distribution from the west Mediterranean to the east Mediterranean, the Caucasus, Iran, and Kazakhstan (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 1♀; E of Gori, Uplistsikhe; N41.96815°, E44.20660°; 641 m a.s.l.; steppe, under rock; leg. A. Zukakishvili; 26 May 2020; CaBOL-ID 1004200. Tbilisi • 1♂, 1♀; Tbilisi; N41.7660°, E44.7671°; 470 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland, under rock; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 2 Apr. 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1023287 (Figs
Genetics. Two identical barcodes from the specimens CaBOL ID-s 1023287, 1023288 (BOLD:AFH1023) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems E. serratosignata from Norway (BOLD:ACS0144: p-distance 1.23%).
Remarks. Species with a disjunctive Palaearctic distribution (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♂; Kiketi; N41.6359°, E44.64028°; 1122 m a.s.l.; forest edge, under stone; leg. L.-G. Japaridze; 4 Apr. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1009803 • 3♂♂; Tbilisi; N41.7709°, E44.7668°; 449 m a.s.l.; steppe, under rock; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 5 Dec. 2021; (adult 18 Jan. 2022); CaBOL-IDs 1020714, 1020715, 1020716 • 1♀; Dighomi Vill.; N41.778°, E44.701°; 270 m a.s.l.; steppe; leg. A. Seropian, E. Karalashvili and H.-J. Krammer; 17 Jul. 2019. • 1♀; Tbilisi, Dighomi Vill.; N41.778°, E44.701°; 270 m a.s.l.; steppe; leg. A. Seropian, E. Karalashvili and H.-J. Krammer; 17 Jul. 2019. Adjara • 1♀; Kobuleti Mun., Mtirala NP, Korolistavi Vill.; N41.642°, E41.743°; 200 m a.s.l.; leg. E. Karalashvili and H.-J. Krammer; 18 Jul. 2019 • 1♀; Keda Mun., Kveda Chkhutuneti Vill.; N41.502°, E41.851°; 270 m a.s.l.; leg. E. Karalashvili and H.-J. Krammer; 19 Jul. 2019 Genetics. We obtained two identical barcodes from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1020714 and 1020715 (BOLD:) that appeared to be identical to the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems E. thoracica from Turkey with an Early-Release status.
Remarks. Palaearctic species, introduced to North America (
GEORGIA – Guria • 4♂♂, 1♀, 4juv; Ozurgeti Mun., Gaghma Dvabzu Vill.; N41.93438°, E42.05894°; 200 m a.s.l.; 20 Apr. 2020; leg. G. Makharadze; CaBOL-IDs 1004183, 1004184, 1004185. Adjara • 4♂♂; Khelvachauri Mun., Sarpi Vill.; N41.52139°, E41.55194°; 100 m a.s.l.; steep slope near road; leg. S. Otto; 17 Aug. 2007; KVS 280. Kakheti • 1♀; Dedoplistskaro Mun., (Chachuna Managed Reserve, Dalis Mta Reservoir; N41.2764°, E45.8884°; 273 m a.s.l.; semidesert; leg. L.-G. Japaridze; 18 Jun. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1032546.
Genetics. Three barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1004183, 1004184 and 1004185 (BOLD:AAN3143, mean p-distance 0.91%) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems as follows: for CaBOL-ID 1004183 and 1004184 – E. truncatus from Turkey with an Early-Release status (mean p-distance 0.15%); for CaBOL-ID 1004185 (BOLD:) – E. truncatus from Germany (BOLD:AAN3143, p-distance 0%).
Remarks. Distributed from the Mediterranean north to the Scandinavian Peninsula and east to Iran (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 4 ♀♀, 2♂♂; Tbilisi; N41.77166°, E44.76875°; 436 m a.s.l.; urban; tree; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 22 Aug. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1012475, 1012488, 1012489, 1012490, 1012481 (Figs
Genetics. Six barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1012475, 1012481, 1012482, 1012488, 1012489, and 1012490 (BOLD:ACC4682, mean p-distance 0.12%) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems E. episinoides from Portugal with a Private status (mean p-distance 0.05%).
Remarks. This species generally has a Mediterranean distribution, introduced to South Africa, India, and China (WSC 2023;
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 1♂; Kaspi Mun., Kodistskaro Vill.; N42.0321°, E44.3785°; 810 m a.s.l.; meadow; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 26 Aug. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1011204.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1011204 (BOLD:AAM0012) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems H. nigrovariegatum from Germany (BOLD:AAM0012, p-distance 1.38%).
Remarks. Species with a Palaearctic distribution (Nentwig et al.). It is the first record from the Shida Kartli region (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♀; Dedoplistskaro Mun., Vashlovani NP, Mijniskure; N41.11181°, E46.6462°; 95 m a.s.l.; steppe, sweeping; leg. A. Seropian; 17 Apr. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1010003 • 1♂, 1♀; Usakhelo Look Point; N41.1263°, E46.6071°; 261 m a.s.l.; semidesert, vegetation; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 16 Apr. 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1023763 (Supplementary File), 1023800.
Genetics. Two identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-ID 1010003 and 1023763 (BOLD:AAL8204) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems K. aulica from Turkey (BOLD:AAL8204, p-distance 0.46%).
Remarks. Palaearctic species with no records from Central Asia, most of the Middle East, and West Asia (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♀; Akhmeta Mun., Batsara Nature Reserve; N42.2363°, E45.2857°; 1298 m a.s.l.; broad-leaved forest, dead wood bark; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 29 May 2022; CaBOL-ID 1025535.
Remarks. Lasaeola dbari is distributed in Turkey, N Caucasus, and Georgia, where it was known from the original description from Abkhazia (
GEORGIA – Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♂; Akhaklakai Mun., Kartsakhi L.; N41.1926°, E43.2411°; 1822 m a.s.l.; subalpine meadow, sweeping; leg. L.-G. Japaridze; 5 Jul. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1026455 (Fig.
Remarks. This species has been previously known in the Caucasus from Azerbaijan only (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♀; Dighomi Vill.; N41.7785°, E44.6946°; 764 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland; leg. A. Seropian; 20 Jul. 2020; CaBOL-ID 1010052 • 1♂; N41.7812°, E44.6978°; 785 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 18 Jun. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1027277. Kvemo Kartli region • 1♀; Marneuli Mun., Shulaveri; N41.3681, E44.8219; 479 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland; leg. N. Bulbulashvili, A. Seropian and A. Zukakishvili; 3 Jun. 2023; CaBOL-ID 1035868
Genetics. Two identical barcodes obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1010052 and 1027277 (BOLD:AAU5366) identical in BOLD Systems to the COI genes of L. tredecimguttatus from Turkey and Bulgaria with an Early-Release and Private statuses.
Remarks. An abundant species in the Caucasus, lacking records from Armenia (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 2juv; Dighomi park; N41.7699°, E44.7738°; 427 m a.s.l.; meadow, vegetation layer; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 7 Nov. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1020284, 1020285 • 1juv; N41.7699°, E44.7738°; 427 m a.s.l.; meadow, vegetation layer; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 2 Apr. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1023289 • 1♂; N41.7695°, E44.7702°; 430 m a.s.l.; meadow, vegetation; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 10 May 2022; CaBOL-ID 1023877. Kakheti • 1♂(subad.); Dedoplistskaro; N41.4867°, E46.1350°; 716 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, vegetation layer; leg. A. Seropian; 19 Apr. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1023336.
Genetics. Three nearly identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1023289, 1020284, and 1020285 (BOLD:AAO4800, maximum p-distance 0.51%) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems N. suaveolens from Bulgaria (BOLD:AAO4800, maximum p-distance 0.51%).
Remarks. Neottiura suaveolens is a species with a sub-mediterranean distribution (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♀; Dighomi park; N41.76947°, E44.77374°; 426 m a.s.l.; meadow, field layer; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 31 Jul. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1011759 (see supplementary file).
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1011759 (BOLD:AEL1813), identical to an unidentified Theridiidae from France in BOLD Systems, presumably belonging to the same species. There are no barcodes of properly identified N. uncinata in BOLD Systems at the moment as we submit the first one.
Remarks. Species with a Mediterranean distribution (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♀; Telovani Vill.; N41.81034°, E44.69545°; 921 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 7 Nov. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1020320 (supplementary file) • 3♀♀; Dighomi Vill.; N41.7809°, E44.7096°; 628 m a.s.l.; meadow, Carpinus orientalis leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 15 Dec. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1020786, 1020787, 1020790.
Remarks. Palaearctic species, distributed from North Africa north to Scandinavia and west to Iran (
GEORGIA – Samtskhe-Javakheti • 4♀♀; Akhalkalaki Mun., Tabatskuri L.; N41.64434°, E43.59848°; 2000 m a.s.l.; montane pine plantation, branches; leg. S. Otto; 21 Aug. 2007; KBS 127 • 2♂♂; Ninotsminda Mun., Kartsakhi L.; N41.1926°, E43.2411°; 1822 m a.s.l.; subalpine meadow, sweeping; leg. L.-G. Japaridze; 5 Jul. 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1026456, 1026457. Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti • 2♀♀; Mestia Mun., W of Bogreshi Vill.; N43.01121°, E42.82935°; 1600 m a.s.l.; montane; leg. S. Otto; 20 Aug. 2011; KBS 141. Tbilisi • 1♀; Tbilisi; N41.7717°, E44.7688°; 436 m a.s.l.; urban; leg. A. Seropian; 28 Aug. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1012534.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1012534 (BOLD:AFH0637) nearly identical to P. impressa from France with a Private status (p-distance 0.31%).
Remarks. A very abundant Holarctic species with a record from India (WSC 2023;
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♀; Dighomi park; N41.7695°, E44.7737°; 426 m a.s.l.; tree; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 12 Sep. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1012512, – Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1juv.; Aspindza Mun., Mirashkhani Vill.; N41.332886°, E43.246857°; 1272 m a.s.l.; Mtkvari R. floodplain; leg. A. Memishishi; 12 Oct. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1035238.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1012512 (BOLD:AAJ7456) identical in BOLD Systems to P. tincta from Turkey (BOLD:AAJ7456).
Remarks. Palaearctic species, introduced to North America (WSC 2023;
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 1♀; Gori; N41.9673°, E44.1195°; 593 m a.s.l.; meadow, under rock; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 24 Nov. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1011192.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1011192 (BOLD:ABY8367) identical in BOLD Systems to R. arundineti from Finland (BOLD:ABY8367).
Remarks. A very abundant species in the Caucasus (
GEORGIA – Adjara • 1♀; Kobuleti Mun., Kintrishi NP; N41.7391°, E42.1160°; 700 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, under rock; leg. G. Bananashvili; 14 Sep. 2020; CaBOL-ID 1018150.
Genetics. There are no barcodes of this species available in BOLD Systems at the moment as we submit the first one. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1018150 (BOLD:AFH1370).
Remarks. Robertus golovatchi is a species endemic to the Caucasus with records from Georgia and Stavropol Krai of Russia (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♂; Dighomi Vill.; N41.7791°, E44.7152°; 591 m a.s.l.; steppe; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 24 Jul. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1011699. Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1juv.; Aspindza Mun., Pia Vill.; N41.4370°, E43.3078°; 1222 m a.s.l.; steppe, Crataegus sp.; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 10 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1032696. Kakheti • 1♂; Kvareli Mun., Sabue Vill.; N42.0566°, E45.1232°; 635 m a.s.l.; sweeping; leg. Cabol team; 30 May 2022; CaBOL-ID 1031223.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1011699 (BOLD:AAN9117) identical in BOLD Systems to the COI gene of S. simile from Spain with a Private status.
Remarks. Palaearctic species, introduced to North America (
GEORGIA – Mtskheta-Mtianeti • 1♂; Dusheti Mun., Matura Valley; N42.44441°, E45.07033°; 1500 m a.s.l.; grassland; leg. S. Otto; 21 Jul. 2007; KVS 64. Adjara • 1♂, 2♀♀; Kobuleti Mun., Mtirala NP; N41.67632°, E41.87472°; 300 m a.s.l.; river bed, under rocks, vegetation; leg. S. Otto; 6 Jul. 2010; KBS 183, KBS 185 • 1♂; N41.67795°, E41.84806°; 260 m a.s.l.; Colchic forest, Buxus sp., leg. S. Otto; 8 Jul. 2010; KBS 186 • 1♀; Kintrishi NP; N41.7294°, E42.0775°; 1020 m a.s.l.; malaise trap; leg. GGBC/Cabol team; 23 Apr. – 5 May 2018; CaBOL-ID 1012784. Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti region • 1♂, 1♀; Tkibuli Mun., Nakerala Ridge; N42.38522°, E42.98487°; 1400 m a.s.l.; beech-fir forest, branches; leg. S. Otto; 10 Jul. 2010; KBS 188.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1012784 (BOLD:AAG1791) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems T. varians from Norway (BOLD:AAG1791, p-distance 1.37%).
Remarks. Transpalaearctic species, introduced to North America (
GEORGIA – Adjara • 1♂, 3juv; Kobuleti Mun., Mtirala NP; N41.67632°, E41.87472°; 300 m a.s.l.; river bed, fern; leg. S. Otto; 7 Jul. 2010; KVS 337. Samegrelo and Zemo-Svaneti region • 1♀; 1juv.; Zugdidi Mun., Kolkheti NP; N42.33802°, E41.61131°; 5 m a.s.l.; canopy beating; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 31 Jul. 2022 • 1juv.; N42.33802°, E41.61131°; 5 m a.s.l.; canopy beating; leg. Cabol team; 31 Jul. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1033173 • 1♂; Poti Mun., Poti (near Kaparcha R.); N42.0734°, E41.7146°; 3 m a.s.l.; leg. B. Chitadze; 27 Jul. 2023; CaBOL-ID 1035844.
Remarks. This species is not native to Europe and the Caucasus (alien species) (WSC 2023). It was imported to Georgia (Abkhazia region) and has been established in the western part of the country (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♀; Dighomi park; N41.7698°, E44.7698°; 434 m a.s.l.; under bark; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 30 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1020312.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1020312 (BOLD:AAO2325) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems Y. maculosa from Turkey with an Early-Release status (p-distance 0.77%).
Remarks. Yaginumena maculosa is one of the species with the Caucaso-Far East disjunctive distribution that has been recorded in the Caucasus from Azerbaijan and Georgia (
GEORGIA – Adjara • 1♀; Kobuleti Mun., Mtirala NP; N41.67795°, E41.84806°; 260 m a.s.l.; Colchic forest, Buxus sp.; leg. S. Otto; 8 Jul. 2010; KVS 341.
Remarks. This species is distributed from the Iberian Peninsula north to Scandinavia, west to Japan, and south to Iran. Introduced to North America (WSC 2023;
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♀; Dighomi park; N41.76924°, E44.77399°; 426 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 14 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1010375 • 1♀; N41.76924°, E44.77399°; 426 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 3 Sep. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1012479 • 2♀♀; Didgori Vill.; N41.7854°, E44.6765°; 799 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 18 Dec. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1011190, 1011191 • 1♂; Telovani Vill.; N41.8005°, E44.6821°; 892 m a.s.l.; xerothermic slope, edge of deciduous forest; leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 12 Feb. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1021029. Adjara • 1♂; Kobuleti Mun., Mtirala NP, N41.67632°, E41.87472°; 300 m a.s.l.; river bed, under rocks; leg. S. Otto; 6 Jul. 2010; KVS 333. Mtskheta-Mtianeti • 1♂; Mtskheta Mun., Tabaruki Vill.; N41.7665°, E44.5978°; 1000 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, cliff; leg. A. Seropian; 22 Jul. 2023; CaBOL-ID 1035845.
Genetics. Three identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1011190, 1011191, and 1012479 (BOLD:AFH1839). There are no barcodes of this species in BOLD Systems at the moment as we submit the first ones.
Remarks. This species is known from the Caucasus (except for Armenia), Turkey, and Crimea (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♂; Akhmeta Mun., Batsara Nature Reserve; N42.2240°, E45.3004°; 817 m a.s.l.; meadow, vegetation; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 28 May 2022; CaBOL-ID 1025550.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1025550 (BOLD:AFH1151), nearly identical to the COI gene of D. livens from an unknown country of origin (BOLD:ACA5363, p-distance 0.15%) in BOLD Systems.
Remarks. This species is distributed from Spain east to Azerbaijan and south to Iran. Introduced to North America (
GEORGIA – Kvemo Kartli • 1♂; Gardabani Mun., Gamarjveba Vill.; N41.64348°, E45.00259°; 450 m a.s.l.; garden; leg. S. Otto; 11 Aug. 2007; KVS 255. Imereti region • 1♀; Chiatura Mun., Mandaeti Vill.; N43.3284°, E42.1756°; 770 m a.s.l.; suburban area, malaise trap; leg. GGBC/Cabol team; 23 May – 5 Jun. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1012811.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1012811 (BOLD:AAP3238) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems erroneously determined as D. dorsata juvenile of E. tricuspidata from Germany (BOLD:AAP3238, p-distance 0.96%) in BOLD Systems. The second nearest neighbor is E. tricuspidata from Germany (BOLD:AAP3238, p-distance 1.08%).
Remarks. A very abundant Palaearctic species, distributed throughout the Caucasus (except for Armenia) (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♂; Dighomi Vill.; N41.7812°, E44.6978°; 785 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland, on vegetation; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 18 Jun. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1027278. – Shida Kartli • 1juv; Kaspi Mun., Nichbisi Vill.; N41.8426°, E44.5310°; 700 m a.s.l.; meadow, sweeping; leg. Cabol team; 30 Apr. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1032341.
Remarks. An abundant Palaearctic species, distributed throughout the Caucasus (except for Armenia) (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1juv; Vere R. valley; N41.71609°, E44.72004°; 500 m a.s.l.; xerothermic slope, under rock; leg. S. Otto; 27 Apr. 2009; KVS 375 • 1♀; Dighomi cemetery; N41.771°, E44.767°; 446 m a.s.l.; leg. Karalashvili E., Krammer H.-J. & Seropian A.; 17 Jul. 2019; ZFMK-TIS 8008377. Kakheti • 1♂; Dedoplistskaro Mun., Chachuna Managed Reserve; N41.230663°, E46.140872°; 460 m a.s.l.; semidesert; leg. A. Seropian; 19 Jul. 2023; CaBOL-ID 1035870 (see supplementary file).
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen ZFMK-TIS 8008377 (BOLD:AAN6269), with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems M. israeliensis from Turkey (p-distance 1.22%) with an Early-Release status.
Remarks. Monaeses israeliensis is recorded in Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Israel, Lebanon, Iran, Central Asia, India, and China (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♀ (juv.); Dighomi park; N41.76924°, E44.77399°; 426 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 3 Sep. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1016885. Shida Kartli • 1♂; Gori; N41.9825°, E44.0872°; 588 m a.s.l.; Mtkvari R. floodplain, under rock; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 5 Nov. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1035469.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1016885 (BOLD:AFH1410) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems O. atomaria from Finland with a Private status in BOLD Systems (p-distance 2.6%). The second nearest neighbor was O. atomaria from Norway (BOLD:AAY8248, p-distance 2.75%).
Remarks. Ozyptilla atomaria has a wide Palaearctic distribution (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 1♂; Gori, Kvernaki Ridge; N41.98477°, E44.13892°; 696 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland; leg. A. Seropian; 24 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1018809 (Fig.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1018809 (BOLD:AAY8249) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems O. claveata from Slovenia (BOLD:AAY8249, p-distance 2.16%). The second-best match – O. claveata from Germany and Austria (BOLD:AAY8249, p-distance 2.45%).
Remarks. Distributed from the Mediterranean north to the Scandinavian Peninsula and east to Iran (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♀; Dighomi park; N41.76995°, E44.77379°; 427 m a.s.l.; meadow, ; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 7 Nov. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1020305 • 1♂; Dighomi Vill.; N41.7806°, E44.7000°; 765 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland, under rocks; leg. A. Seropian; 3 Apr. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1009769 (Fig.
Remarks. Palaearctic species (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 3♂♂; Dighomi park; N41.76946°, E44.77374°; 426 m a.s.l.; meadow; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 15 Sep. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1012563, 1020297, 1020298 • 1♂; N41.76946°, E44.77374°; 426 m a.s.l.; meadow; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 12 Sep. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1012594 (Fig.
Genetics. Four barcodes from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1012563, 1012594, 1020297, and 1020298 (BOLD:AAV5283, maximum p-distance 1.37%) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems O. tricoloripes from Turkey (BOLD:AAV5283, mean p-distance 0.5%).
Remarks. This species is recorded in Turkey, Russia (Caucasus), Azerbaijan, Israel, Iran, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♂; Tbilisi; N44.7798°, E41.7195°; 440 m a.s.l.; urban, malaise trap; leg. GGBC (CaBOL) team; 15. – 22 May 2021; CaBOL-ID 1012833.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1012833 (BOLD:AAO1827) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems P. truncatus from Germany (BOLD:AAO1827, p-distance 1.22%).
Remarks. Palaearctic species (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 1♀; Kaspi Mun., Khovle Vill.; N41.8805°, E44.2557°; 1075 m a.s.l.; forest steppe, under rock; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 29 Jun. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1012634.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1012634 (BOLD:ACU8868) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems P. ninnii from Germany with an Early-Release status (p-distance 0.15%).
Remarks. Palaearctic species with a distribution range from the Mediterranean to Central Asia (
GEORGIA – Adjara • 1♂; Kobuleti Mun., Ispani II wetland; N41.86339°, E41.78367°; 6 m a.s.l.; Sphagnum bog, field layer; leg. S. Otto; 22 May 2009; KVS 407. Kakheti • 1♂♂ (adult and subadult); Akhmeta Mun., Batsara Nature Reserve; N42.2223°, E45.3034°; 806 m a.s.l.; leg. Cabol team; 28 May 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1031233, 1031234.
Remarks. Palaearctic species with a distribution range from the Mediterranean to Central Asia (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♂; Kvareli Mun., SW of Gremi Vill. (Kakheti region); N42.00272°, E45.65850°; 500 m a.s.l.; xerothermic shrubland, under rock; leg. S. Otto; 1 Apr. 2009; KBS 194 • 2♂♂; Sagarejo Mun., David Gareja Monastery vicinity; N41.44942°, E45.37903°; 900 m a.s.l; N slope, under rock; leg. S. Otto; 29 Mar. 2009; KVS 361 • 1♀; N41.44088°, E45.37847°; 700 m a.s.l.; steppe, under rocks; leg. S. Otto; 9 May 2009; KVS 384. – Tbilisi • 1♂; Vere R. valley; N41.71609°, E44.72004°; 500 m a.s.l.; xerothermic slope, under rock; leg. S. Otto; 31 May 2009; KBS 217 • 1♂; Kojori; N41.6794°; 44.7078°; 1000 m a.s.l.; meadow; leg. A. Seropian; 8 Apr. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1010349. Mtskheta-Mtianeti • 1♂; Mtskheta Mun., Shiomghvime; N41.85519°, E44.66517°; 600 m a.s.l.; xerothermic shrubland, under rocks; leg. S. Otto; 3 Apr. 2009; KBS 197. Shida Kartli • 1♀; Gori, Kvernaki ridge; N41.9847; 44.1414; 668 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 4 Apr. 2023; CaBOL-ID 1020823.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1010349 (BOLD:AAG1214), identical in BOLD systems to the COI gene of X. acerbus from Bulgaria with an Early-Release status. The second nearest neighbor was X. acerbus from Germany (BOLD:AAG1214, p-distance 0.15%)
Remarks. Palaearctic species with a distribution range from the Mediterranean to Central Asia (
GEORGIA – Imereti region • 1♀; Baghdati Mun., Zekari Pass; N41.8522°, E42.8080°; 2196 m a.s.l.; subalpine meadow, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 11 Oct. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1032039.
Remarks. This species was described from Georgia and inhabits subalpine and alpine belts of Turkey, N Caucasus, Azerbaijan, and Georgia (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♀; Kvareli Mun., Shilda Vill.; N45.7162°, E42.0043°; 513 m a.s.l.; settlement, malaise trap; leg. GGBC/Cabol team; 23 Apr. – 1 May 2021; CaBOL-ID 1012916.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1012916 (BOLD:ACC4741) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems X. kempeleni from Italy with a Private status (p-distance 1.39%) in BOLD Systems.
Remarks. Palaearctic species with a distribution range from the Iberian Peninsula to Central Asia (
GEORGIA – Samtskhe-Kavakheti region • 1♀; Didi Abuli Mt.; N41.3600°, E43.7107°; 2223 m a.s.l.; Abuli forest, leaf litter; leg. L. Mumladze; 28 Sep. 2018; CaBOL-ID 1012755. Kakheti • 1♀; Akhmeta Mun., Batsara Nature Reserve; N42.2240°, E45.3004°; 817 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 28 May 2022; CaBOL-ID 1025551.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1025551 (BOLD:AFH3142) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems X. luctator from Germany (BOLD:ACU8210, p-distance 2.3%).
Remarks. Palaearctic species (
GEORGIA – Kvemo Kartli • 1♂; Gardabani Mun., Kumisi Vill.; N41.60794°; 44.8655°; 498 m a.s.l.; dry heathland, under rock; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 24 Sep. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1016820. Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♀; 2♂♂; Aspindza Mun., Pia Vill.; N41.4370°; E43.3078°; 1222 m a.s.l.; steppe, under rock; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 10 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1018782, 1018783, 1018784. Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti • 1♀; Mestia, Ushba Mt.; N43.0944°, E42.6921°; 3123 m a.s.l.; soil layer; leg. L. Mumladze; 18 Aug. 2018; CaBOL-ID 1012752. Tbilisi • 1♂; Dighomi park; N41.7681°, E44.7717°; 413 m a.s.l.; under rocks; leg. A. Seropian; 12 Nov. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1032346 • 1♂; Dighomi Vill.; N41.7796, E44.6995; 772 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 27 Nov. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1020853.
Genetics. Four barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1016820, 1018782, 1018783, and 1018784 (BOLD:AAF8321, mean p-distance 1.45%) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems X. marmoratus from Turkey many (BOLD:AAF8321, p-distance 0.92%).
Remarks. This species is distributed in Central Europe, the Balkans, Greece, Caucasus, Turkey, Ukraine, Russia (Europe), and Kazakhstan (
GEORGIA – Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♂; Ninotsminda Mun., Kartsakhi L.; N41.1926°, E43.2411°; 1822 m a.s.l.; subalpine meadow, sweeping; leg. L.-G. Japaridze; 5 Jul. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1026454.
Remarks. Xysticus pseudolanio is recorded in Turkey, Bulgaria, and Georgia (
GEORGIA – Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti • 1♂; Martvili Mun., Lebarde; N42.7382°, E42.5006°; 1625 m a.s.l.; under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 30 Jul. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1027118.
Remarks. This species is recorded in the Caucasus (except for Armenia) and Ukraine (WSC 2023;
GEORGIA – Samegrelo-Zeno Svaneti region • 1♀; Kolkheti NP; N of Pichori R.; N42.14758°, E41.82526°; 1 m a.s.l.; leg. S. Otto; 17 May 2009; KVS 400.
Remarks: Species with a Palaearctic distribution (WSC 2023;
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♀; Dighomi meadows; N41.7965°, E44.7871°; 518 m a.s.l.; steppe, under rocks; leg. L.-G. Japaridze; 1 Jun. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1026424 (Supplementary File) • 1♂; Dighomi Vill.; N41.7812°, E44.6978°; 785 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 18 Jun. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1027286 (supplementary file) • 2♀♀; N41.778°, E. 44.701°; 740 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland, under rocks; leg. A. Seropian, E. Karalashvili and H.-J. Krammer; 17 Jul. 2019. Kvemo Kartli • 1♀; Gardabani Mun., Kumisi L. (S of Tbilisi); N41.577°, E. 44.824°; 476 m a.s.l.; dry steppe, under rocks; leg. E. Karalashvili and H.-J. Krammer; 16 Jul. 2019. Kakheti • 1♂; Dedoplistskaro Mun., Vashlovani NP; N41.214°, E. 46.537°; 388m a.s.l.; semidesert, under rocks; leg. E. Karalashvili and H.-J. Krammer; 10 Jul. 2019.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1027286 (BOLD:AAV2942), identical in BOLD Systems to the COI gene of N. albomaculata from France and Turkey (BOLD:AAV2942).
Remarks. Palaearctic species, distributed from the Mediterranean to Central Asia (WSC 2023;
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♂; Akhmeta Mun., NW of Akhmeta, Aniskhevi R.; N42.0830°, E45.3004°; 1022 m a.s.l.; meadow; leg. Cabol team; 30 May 2022; CaBOL-ID 1031226 (supplementary file) • 1♂, 1♀; Akhmeta Mun., between Tianeti and Akhmeta; N42.064°, E45.064°; 1000 m a.s.l.; leg. E. Karalashvili and H.-J. Krammer; 8 Jul. 2019. Tbilisi • 1♀; Dighomi Vill.; N41.778°, E. 44.701°; 740 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland, under rocks; leg. A. Seropian, E. Karalashvili and H.-J. Krammer; 17 Jul. 2019.
Remarks. This species was described from Azerbaijan (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♂ (subadult); Didgori Vill.; N41.8011°, E44.6807°; 888 m a.s.l.; decidous forest, rock formation, under rocks; leg. A. Seropian; 4 Mar. 2021 (adult 4 May 2021); CaBOL-ID 1009781.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1009781 (BOLD:AAP3045) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems T. schineri from Austria with a Private status (p-distance 0.2%).
Remarks. This species has a distribution range from Spain east to Central Asia and south to Iran (WSC 2023). An abundant species, recorded throughout the Caucasus (except for Armenia) (
GEORGIA – Kakheti • 1♂; Sagarejo Mun., David Gareja Monastery vicinity; N41.44088°, E45.37847°; 700 m a.s.l.; steppe, under rocks; leg. S. Otto; 9 May 2009; KVS 383. Tbilisi • 1♂; Didgori Vill.; N41.7946°, E44.6844°; 858 m a.s.l.; steppe, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 11 Jun. 2023; CaBOL-ID 1020896 (Supplementary File).
Remarks. This species was described from Ukraine (Guryanova, 1992), followed by a record from Rostov Oblast of Russia (
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♀ (subad); Didgori Vill; N41.8117°, E44.6921°; 974 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest; leg. A. Seropian and G. Makharadze; 17 Nov. 2020; CaBOL-ID 1010040 • 1♀; Telovani Vill.; N41.80950°, E44.69064°; 850 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest, under bark; leg. A. Seropian; 16 Nov. 2020; CaBOL-ID 1004182 (Fig.
Cetonana laticeps , female (134: epigyne, ventral view, in situ). Hyptiotes gerhardti, male (135: left palp, retrolateral view). Zodarion morosum, male (136: left palp, ventral view; 137: tibial apophysis, dorsal view). Zodarion nigrifemur, male (138: left palp, ventral view; 139: tip of the embolus; 140: tibial apophysis, dorsal view).
Genetics. Two identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1010040 and 1004182 (BOLD:AFH0540) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems C. laticeps from Germany with a Private status (p-distance 2.14%). The second nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems is also C. laticeps from Germany (BOLD:ACA1478, p-distance 2.45%).
Remarks. Cetonana laticeps has a distribution range from Spain east to Turkey and Caucasus (WSC 2023;
GEORGIA – Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♀♂; Aspindza Mun., above Vardzia; N41.37621°, E43.27626°; 1237 m a.s.l.; meadow, under rock; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 10. Oct 2021; CaBOL-ID 1018785• 1♀; Vardzia; N41.3529°, E43.2518°; 1315 m a.s.l.; steppe, Mtkvari R. bank, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 13. Oct 2021; CaBOL-ID 1032741. Tbilisi • 3♂♂, 2♀♀; Dighomi Vill.; N41.78086°, E44.70964°; 628 m a.s.l.; ravine, Carpinus orientalis leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 15 Dec. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1011182, 1011183, 1011184, 1011185, 1011186. Mtskheta-Mtianeti • 1♀; Mtskheta Mun.. Shiomghvime; N41.8619°, E44.6404°; 700m a.s.l.; meadow, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 21 Jun. 2023; CaBOL-ID 1035799.
Genetics. Three identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1011183, 1011184, and 1018785 (BOLD:AAU2058) identical to the COI gene of the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems O. charitonovi from Turkey and Bulgaria with a Private status.
Remarks. Orthobula charitonovi is recorded from Turkey, the whole Caucasus, and Central Asia (WSC 2023;
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♀; Tbilisi; N41.7699°, E44.7667°; 454 m a.s.l.; Paliurus spina-christi dry shrubland, xerothermic slope, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 20 Feb. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1021044.
Remarks. This species has a general Ponto-Mediterranean distribution, with records from Central Asia and West Africa (WSC 2023;
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 1♂; Gori; N41.9717°, E44.0962°; 747 m a.s.l.; steppe; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 27 Sep. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1016911. Imeregi region • 1♂; Tkibuli Mun., Mukhura Vill; N42.33407°, E43.08740°; 695 m a.s.l.; deciduous forest; leg. E. Arsenashvili; 2 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1018151.
Genetics. Two nearly identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1016911 and 1018151 (BOLD:AAW9450, p-distance 0.15%) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems H. flavidus from Israel with an Early-Release status (mean p-distance 1.78%).
Remarks. Distributed in the Mediterranean, European part of Russia and the Caucasus (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 1♂; Kaspi Mun., Nichbisi Vill.; N41.8426°, E44.5310°; 700 m a.s.l.; meadow, sweeping; leg. Cabol team; 30 Apr. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1032343 • 1♂; Kodistskaro Vill.; N42.0312°, E44.3559°; 822 m a.s.l.; steppe; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 5 Oct. 2022; CaBOL-ID 1035490 (Fig.
Remarks. Known from Greece and S Russia (
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 1♂, 2♀♀; Kaspi Mun., E of Kodistskaro; N42.03245°, E44.37978°, 900 m a.s.l.; steppe, bushes; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 10 Aug. 2020; CaBOL-IDs 1004209, 1004210, 1004211. Samtskhe-Javakheti • 1♀; Bojromi Mun., Didi Mitarbi Vill.; N41.7465°, E43.58057°; 1700 m a.s.l.; forest; leg. S. Otto; 22 Aug. 2007; KVS 264.
Genetics. Three nearly identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL-IDs 1004209, 1004210, and 1004211 (BOLD:ABW9536, maximum p-distance 0.15%) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems H. paradoxus from Slovenia (BOLD:ABW9536, mean p-distance 0.21%).
Remarks. This species has a distribution range from North Africa north to Scandinavia and east to Azerbaijan (WSC 2023;
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 1♀; Tbilisi; N41.7331°, E44.7926°, 433 m a.s.l.; steppe, abandoned building; leg. A. Seropian; 23 Aug. 2021; CaBOL-ID 1012629.
Remarks. This species is recorded from Europe, Caucasus, Africa, Yemen, Iran, and Pakistan. Introduced to Argentina, Philippines, and Japan (WSC 2023;
GEORGIA – Kvemo Kartli • 1♂; Marneuli Mun., Shulaveri; N41.3681°, E44.8219°; 479 m a.s.l.; steppe, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili, A. Seropian and A. Zukakishvili; 3 Jun. 2023; CaBOL-ID 1020868 (Figs
Remarks. It is a species with a Ponto-East Mediterranean distribution (WSC 2023;
GEORGIA – Tbilisi • 2♂♂; Tbilisi; N41.7717°, E44.7688°; 436 m a.s.l.; under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 4 Sep. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1012550, 1012551 • 1♀, 1♂; Didgori Vill.; N41.7946°, E44.6844°; 858 m a.s.l.; steppe, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili and A. Seropian; 11 Jun. 2023; CaBOL-IDs 1020893, 1020894. Samtskhe-Javakheti • 2♂♂; Aspindza Mun., Vardzia; N41.3762°, E43.2763°; 1237 m a.s.l.; meadow, under rocks; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 10 Oct. 2021; CaBOL-IDs 1018786 (Figs
Genetics. Four barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL IDs 1012550, 1012551, 1018786, and 1018787 (BOLD:AFH2061, max p-distance 1.13%) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems Z. thoni Nosek, 1905 from Turkey (mean p-distance 5.9%) with an Early-Release status. There are no barcodes of Z. nigrifemur in BOLD Systems at the moment as we submit the first ones.
Remarks. Zodarion nigrifemur belongs to the thoni-species group (for group diagnosis see
GEORGIA – Shida Kartli • 1♀; Gori; N41.9782°, E44.1069°; 591 m a.s.l.; house backyard; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 31 May 2022; CaBOL-ID 1026326. Kakheti • 2♂♂; Akhmeta Mun., Batsara Nature Reserve; N42.2240°, E45.3004°; 817 m a.s.l; deciduous forest, leaf litter; leg. N. Bulbulashvili; 28 May 2022; CaBOL-IDs 1035472, 1035473.
Genetics. A single barcode was obtained from the specimen CaBOL-ID 1026326 (BOLD:ACU7789) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems Z. rubidum from unknown place of origin (BOLD:ACU7789, p-distance 0.35%).
Remarks. This species has a distribution range from Spain to the Caucasus and was introduced to North America (WSC 2023;
The utilization of a mitochondrial barcode region (COI) in animals has become a well-established standard for DNA barcoding and has been employed for re-identifying specimens and screening for potential new species candidates. Until now, only two extensively inclusive barcoding datasets have been published for spiders, encompassing Canada (Blagoev et al. 2015) and Germany (
From the resulting 283 COI barcodes from 150 species, several are worth noting due to the identification problems solely through COI subunit: interspecific lumps (Clubiona alpicola Kulczyński, 1882/C. frutetorum (mean p-distance 4.54%), (Clubiona caucasica/C. caerulescens (mean p-dist. 1.62%), Walckenaeria alticeps (Denis, 1952)/W. antica (Wider, 1834) (mean p-dist. 1.6%), Pardosa saltans Töpfer-Hofmann, 2000/P. lugubris (Walckenaer, 1802) (p-dist. 3.21%)/P. alacris (C.L. Koch, 1833) (p-dist. 3.5%), Leptorchestes berolinensis (C.L. Koch, 1846)/L. sikorskii Prószyński, 2000 (p-dist. 1.7%), Enoplognatha mediterranea Levy & Amitai, 1981/E. parathoracica Levy & Amitai, 1981 (p-distance 0%)); intraspecific genetic distances larger than 3.0% (Callilepis nocturna (Linnaeus, 1758) (p-dist. 3.37%), Civizelotes caucasius (L. Koch, 1866) (mean p-dist. 3.17%), Gnaphosa steppica Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 (p-dist. 3.86%), Haplodrassus silvestris (Blackwall, 1833) (p-dist. 4.43%), Zelotes longipes (L. Koch, 1866) (p-dist. 3.08%), Leptorchestes berolinensis (C.L. Koch, 1846) (p-dist. 3.23%), Phlegra cinereofasciata (Simon, 1868) (3.26%))
As a result of the present survey, one family (Palpimandiae), 25 genera (namely Palpimanus, Porrhoclubiona, Stegodyphus, Anagraphis, Callilepis, Iberina, Baryphyma, Erigonoplus, Plesiophantes, Poeciloneta, Tallusia, Tiso, Mesiotelus, Wadicosa, Silhouettella, Orchestina, Bianor, Cyrba, Icius, Mogrus, Plexippoides, Saitis, Coscinida, Kochiura, Pholcomma) and 100 species of spiders were recorded in Georgia for the first time, including 5 new genera (Iberina, Orchestina, Icius, Saitis, Coscinida), and 18 species (Iberina montana, Baryphyma proclive, Orchestina pavesiiformis, Icius hamatus, Saitis tauricus, Coscinida tibialis, Clubiona frutetorum, Haplodrassus orientalis, Micaria subopaca, Theonina cornix, Walckenaeria corcniculans, Agroeca brunnea, Pardosa saltans, Pseudeuophrys vafra, Dipoena torva, Neottiura uncinata, Titanoeca ukrainica, Zodarion nigrifemur) records for the Caucasus region. In addition, records of 7 species (Palpimanus sp., Mesiotelus caucasicus, Silhouettella osmaniye, Walckenaeria bifasciculata, Titanoeca caucasica, Orchestina pavesiiformis, Zodarion nigrifemur) represent the northernmost limits of their ranges, while records of 6 species (Enoplognatha mediterranea, Gnaphosa caucasica, Panamomops sulcifrons, Troglohyphantes birsteini, Attulus ammophilus, Titanoeca ukrainica) represent the southernmost limits of their distribution; one species (Sibianor turkestanicus) represent the westernmost limits of their known range; five species (Iberina montana, Baryphyma proclive, Icius hamatus, Saitis tauricus) represent the easternmost limits of their ranges; four species (Micaria subopaca, Theonina cornix, Walckenaeria corcniculans, Pseudeuophrys vafra) represent the southeasternmost distributional limits; and one species (Neottiura uncinata) represent the northeasternmost limits of their ranges. At least three species (Baryphyma proclive, Pritha pallida, and Zelotes khostensis) are indicated to have an Italo-Caucasian disjunctive distribution.
Whereas 25 Linyphiidae species recorded for the first time in Georgia are not a surprise due to their small sizes, dispersal abilities, and secretive way of life, among the rest of the species-rich families leading an active and open lifestyle, Salticidae surprisingly stand out with 23 new country records.
Most of the new records originated from semiarid or arid habitats. This is explained due to the very limited studies performed in the central, central-southern, and southeastern parts of Georgia, thus leaving many more species unexplored or undescribed.
The project on which this study is based was funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research under grant number 01DK20014A. The responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors.
We are indebted to numerous persons and friends who helped directly or indirectly with collecting some of the material during expeditions throughout Georgia, foremost Gaga, Tolkha and Shamil Shetekauri, Frank Walther, Giorgi Iankoshvili, Alisa Sanakoeva, Giorgi Bananashvili, Giorgi Makharadze, Eka Arsenashvili, Levan Mumladze, Levan Ninua, Beqa Chitadze, Aleksandre Zukakishvili, Lasha-Giorgi Japaridze, Alexi Memishishi, Elisabeth Karalashvili, Jari-Pekka Kaitila (Kerava, Finland), Jari Junnilainen (Vantaa, Finland), and Wipfler Benedikt. Our deepest gratitude to Yuri Marusik and an anonymous reviewer for their reasonable and valuable comments and suggestions ton our manuscript. Much obliged to the academic editor Nils Hein for proceeding with the manuscript.
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