98 urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:3686FA2D-1003-5130-A1A9-6F0A4E63DF4D urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A3B9B45C-7F69-42DF-85B6-B3189A5B43F2 Caucasiana Caucasiana 2667-9809 Pensoft Publishers 10.3897/caucasiana.1.e87258 87258 Checklist Diptera Insecta Biodiversity & Conservation Biological Invasions Species Inventories Cenozoic Drosophilid flies (Diptera: Drosophilidae) of Georgia (Sakartvelo) with new records for the country Murvanidze Maka maka.murvanidze@tsu.ge https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8579-4011 1 Japoshvili George https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9901-4554 2 Inasaridze Nino https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0753-6118 1 Deutsch Ferenc https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7625-6227 3 I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University. I. Chavchavadze ave. 1. 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Tbilisi Georgia Institute of Entomology, Agricultural University of Georgia, 240, D. Aghmashenebeli Alley, Tbilisi – 0131, Georgia Agricultural University of Georgia Tbilisi Georgia Centre for Agricultural Research, Plant Protection Institute, ELKH, Herman Ottó út 15. 1022, Budapest, Hungary Plant Protection Institute Budapest Hungary

Corresponding author: Maka Murvanidze (maka.murvanidze@tsu.ge)

Academic editor: Ximo Mengual

 2022 25 10 2022 1 25 28 35FE04DC-347A-59FD-B28D-DECA7700F9EE 16E06BF8-FB60-4B62-8EE7-73C88F7EFD31 7272859 01 06 2022 12 09 2022 Maka Murvanidze, George Japoshvili, Nino Inasaridze, Ferenc Deutsch This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. http://zoobank.org/16E06BF8-FB60-4B62-8EE7-73C88F7EFD31

Four genera and 12 species of drosophilid flies have been recorded during our survey in five regions of Georgia in 2021. Two genera, Amiota (Loew, 1862) and Gitona Meigen, 1830, and four species (Amiota subtusradiata Duda 1934, Drosophila busckii Coquillett 1901, D. kuntzei Duda, 1924, and Gitona distigma Meigen, 1830) represent new records for the fauna of Georgia (Sakartvelo).

 Drosophila suzukii Invasive Pest Inventory USAID Agricultural Program Introduction

Drosophilidae is a family within the order Diptera, comprising 100 genera and 4473 species worldwide (Bánki et al. 2022). This group of insects is extremely understudied in the Caucasian Region (Gornostaev 1997), one of the globally important biodiversity hotspots (Myers et al. 2000; Williams et al. 2006). In their recent study about the Diptera of Georgia and Azerbaijan, Oboňa et al. (2019) summarized the existing information about the drosophilids in the Caucasus and indicated the presence of only eight species in Georgia belonging to five genera, i.e., Drosophila immigrans Sturtevant, 1921, D. simulans Sturtevant, 1919, D. suzukii (Matsumura, 1931), D. testacea von Roser, 1840, Leucophenga maculata (Dufour, 1839), Lordiphosa hexasticha (Papp, 1971), Scaptomyza graminum (Fallén, 1823), and Zaprionus tuberculatus Malloch, 1932.

Drosophila suzukii, one of the major fruit pest species world-wide, was first recorded in Georgia in 2017 (Japoshvili et al. 2018). In 2022, a countrywide monitoring project was initiated by the USAID Georgian Agriculture program and the National Food Agency of Georgia aiming to investigate the distribution of this invasive pest species, also known as the spotted wing drosophila (SWD). Along with the representatives of the target taxon, other drosophilid flies were also recorded. Monitoring was carried out in major agricultural regions of Georgia in orchards of susceptible crops to D. suzukii such as blueberries, strawberries, cherries, and grapes (Lee et al. 2012; Walsh et al. 2011). In the present work, we report the results of our findings with the updated data about the drosophilid diversity in Georgia and the new records for the country.

 Material and methods Study area

Study sites were distributed in the Adjara/Guria, Samegrelo, Imereti, Kartli, and Kakheti regions in order to cover the key host crop production areas for the SWD across Georgia. In each of these five regions, four monitoring sites of 2 hectares each were established with an in-between minimal distance of 5 km (Fig. 1, Table 1).

10.3897/caucasiana.1.e87258.figure1 BB8E73AC-C59E-5753-922E-CCFC804B5548

A map of Georgia showing the distribution of study sites (red dots).

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/761736

List of the study sites with GPS coordinates and key crops where spotted wing Drosophila (SWD) traps were operated.

Region Local names of study sites GPS coordinates Key crop
Adjara Guria Laituri N41.91791° E41.86744° Blueberry
Naruja N41.90494° E41.95854° Blueberry
Natanebi N41.91013° E41.78736° Strawberry
Tsetskhlauri N41.87187° E41.87377° Blueberry
Imereti Melauri N42.19397° E42.36720° Strawberry
Obcha N42.12369° E42.89659° Vineyard
Rokhi N42.11675° E42.72013° Vineyard
Sazano N42.19081° E43.05072° Vineyard
Kakheti Kondoli N41.96077° E45.59670° Vineyard
Kurdgelauri N41.95217° E45.52922° Vineyard
Mukuzani N41.81078° E45.71103° Vineyard
Shashiani N41.82243° E45.66798° Strawberry
Kartli Agara N42.02488° E43.79655° Strawberry
Apnisi N41.99563° E43.90088° Cherry
Kvenatkotsa N42.04503° E43.83134° Cherry
Skra N41.98841° E43.99599° Cherry
Samegrelo Ingiri N42.47177° E41.79704° Blueberry
Narazeni N42.42246° E41.92330° Blueberry
Rukhi N42.53401° E41.87925° Blueberry
Trap placement and monitoring

In the monitoring sampling, PHEROCON® SWD traps with PHEROCON® SWD PEEL-PAK™ Broad Spectrum Lures (Trécé, Inc., Adair, OK, USA) were used from May to November 2021. Five traps were placed at each site, with four traps placed at the edges and one in the middle of the field as prescribed by the producer, with a distance between the traps of about 130 m. Traps were placed in the shaded areas of the host plant canopy and were checked for the presence of drosophilid flies once a week. Captured flies were extracted from traps using a fine paintbrush and stored in 95% alcohol for further treatment. Lures in each trap were changed once a month as prescribed by the producer company.

 Laboratory procedures

Sampled flies were preliminary examined in the laboratory using a stereomicroscope UNITRON Z850 for identification. After identification, the voucher specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol and deposited at the laboratory of the Agricultural University of Georgia.

The Drosophilid flies were subsequently identified by the last author using a stereomicroscope OLYMPUS SZ61 and the identification keys by Papp (1973) and Bächli et al. (2004). Specimens were also compared with the Diptera collection of the Hungarian Natural History Museum for species confirmation.

 Results

A total of 12 species of drosophilid flies were sampled during the monitoring, belonging to four genera (Supplementary file 1: Table S1). An asterisk (*) in the species list indicates new records for the country. The number of the collected specimens is not indicated.

Samples were collected primarily thanks to the student helpers, whose names are indicated under each species as the following abbreviations: LJ-Luka Janjghava, KB-Konstantine Buchukuri, AK-Ani Kiria, SN-Sandro Narsia, MB-Mariam Beridze, SK-Salome Kalandadze, NM-Nana Mamulaishvili, NT-Nino Tkeshelashvili, LM-Lana Makalatia, KA-Khatia Areshidze, AA-Ana Amonashvili, MA-Mariam Aleksidze,

List of species

Family Drosophilidae Rondanin, 1856

Genus Amiota (Loew, 1862)*

Amiota subtusradiata Duda, 1934*

GEORGIA • Narazeni; 15-Jul-2021; leg: AK, SN.

Distribution: Palaearctic.

Genus Drosophila Fallén, 1823

Drosophila busckii Coquillett, 1901*

GEORGIA • Melauri; 15-Jul-2021; leg: NT, KA, LM. Apnisi; 29-May-2021; leg: LJ, KB.

Distribution: Cosmopolitan.

D. immigrans Sturtevant, 1921

GEORGIA • Melauri; 18-Jun-2021; leg: NT, KA, LM. Melauri; 15-Jul-2021; leg: NT, KA, LM. Sazano; 15-Jul-2021; leg: NT, KA, LM. Kondoli; 15-Aug-2021; leg: AA, MA, MO. Shashiani; 15-Aug-2021; leg: AA, MA, MO.

Distribution: Cosmopolitan. Previous records in Georgia from Imereti region, Khanistskali River (Obona et al. 2019).

D. kuntzei Duda, 1924*

GEORGIA • Melauri; 15-Jul-2021; leg: NT, KA, LM. Kurdgelauri; 05-Jun-2021; leg: AA, MA, MO.

Distribution: Palaearctic.

D. melanogaster Meigen, 1830

GEORGIA • Naruja; 18-Jul-2021; leg: MB, SK, NM. Ingiri; 15-Jul-2021; leg: AK, SN. Skra; 08-Sep-2021; leg: LJ, KB. Mukuzani; 15-Aug-2021; leg: AA, MA, MO. Kondoli; 15-Aug-2021; leg: AA, MA, MO.

Distribution: Cosmopolitan. According to the Georgian biodiversity database (GBD), the species is known from Georgia. However, the occurrence was not checked by experts and the previous records can be considered doubtful (Tarkhnishvili and Chaladze 2013).

D. phalerata Meigen, 1830*

GEORGIA • Melauri; 15-Jul-2021; leg: NT, KA, LM. Shashiani; 05-Jun-2021; leg: AA, MA, MO

Distribution: Europe.

D. simulans Sturtevant, 1919

GEORGIA • Naruja; 20-Sep-2021; leg: MB, SK, NM. Sazano; 15-Jul-2021; leg: NT, KA, LM. Kondoli; 15-Aug-2021; leg: AA, MA, MO. Shashiani; 15-Aug-2021; leg: AA, MA, MO. Kurdgelauri; 25-Sep-2021; leg: AA, MA, MO.

Distribution: Cosmopolitan. Previous records in Georgia from Imereti (Ghvedi, Tsablaraskhevi River) and Shida Kartli Regions (Oboňa et al. 2019).

D. subobscura Collin, 1936

GEORGIA • Apnisi; 29 May 2021; leg: LJ, KB. Shashiani; 15-Aug-2021; AA, MA, MO.

Distribution: According to the GBD, this species is known from Georgia. However, the records were not checked by experts, and the occurrence might be doubtful (Tarkhnishvili and Chaladze 2013).

D. suzukii (Matsumura, 1931)

GEORGIA • Laituri; 07-Jul-2021; leg: MB, SK, NM. Naruja; 07-Jul-2021; leg: MB, SK, NM. Natanebi; 07-Jul-2021; leg: MB, SK, NM. Tsetskhlauri; 11-Jul-2021; leg: MB, SK, NM. Melauri; 18-Jun-2021; leg: NT, KA, LM. Obcha; 22-Jul-2021; leg: NT, KA, LM. Rokhi; 02-Jul-2021; leg: NT, KA, LM. Sazano; 02-Jul-2021; leg: NT, KA, LM. Kondoli; 15-Aug-2021; leg: AA, MA, MO. Kurdgelauri; 04-Jul-2021; leg: AA, MA, MO. Mukuzani; 04-Jul-2021; leg: AA, MA, MO. Shashiani; 27-Jun-2021; leg: AA, MA, MO. Agara; 24-Oct-2021; leg: LJ, KB. Apnisi; 12-Jul-2021; leg: LJ, KB. Kvenatkotsa; 20-Sep-2021; leg: LJ, KB. Skra; 07-Aug-2021; leg: LJ, KB. Ingiri; 15-May-2021; leg: AK, AN. Narazeni; 13-Jun-2021; leg: AK, AN. Rukhi; 20-Jun-2021; leg: AK, AN.

Distribution: Cosmopolitan (Walsh et al. 2011). Previous records from Georgia are from: Batumi (Japoshvili et al. 2018), Imereti (Ghvedi), Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti Regions (Tskhenistskali River near Durashi, and Tskhenistskali River near Makhashi) (Oboňa et al. 2019).

D. testacea von Roser, 1840

GEORGIA • Naruja; 18-Jul-2021; leg: MB, SK, NM. Laituri; 18-Jul-2021; leg: MB, SK, NM. Melauri; 15-Jul-2021; leg: NT, KA, LM. Obcha; 15-Jul-2021; leg: NT, KA, LM. Rokhi; 09-Jun-2021; leg: NT, KA, LM. Apnisi; 29-May-2021; leg: LJ, KB. Kurdgelauri; 05-Jun-2021; leg: AA, MA, MO. Mukuzani; 15-Aug-2021; leg: AA, MA, MO. Kondoli; 15-Aug-2021; leg: AA, MA, MO.

Distribution: Palaearctic (Obona et al. 2019). Species previously recorded from Kvemo Svaneti (Tskhenistskali River near Durashi) and Racha-Lechkhumi Regions (Oboňa et al. 2019).

Genus Gitona Meigen, 1830*

Gitona distigma Meigen, 1830*

GEORGIA • Apnisi; 10-Aug-2021; leg: LJ, KB.

Distribution: Palaearctic.

Genus Zaprionus Coquillett, 1901

Z. tuberculatus Malloch, 1932

GEORGIA • Naruja; 20-Sep-2021; leg: MB, SK, NM.

Distribution: Afrotropical and Mediterranean (Oboňa et al. 2019). Previous records from Georgia were from Imereti Region (Ghvedi, Khanistskali River) (Oboňa et al. 2019)

Conclusion

Based on our investigation and literature data, 15 species currently represent the drosophilid fauna of Georgia. Our findings confirmed the presence of five species previously recorded in Georgia but could not recover the other three taxa, namely Leucophenga maculata (Dufour, 1839), Lordiphosa hexasticha (Papp, 1971), and Scaptomyza graminum (Fallén, 1823), recorded by Oboňa et al. (2019). Moreover, four species were added to the regional drosophilid fauna, i.e., Amiota subtusradiata, Drosophila busckii, D. kuntzei and G. distigma, and the invasive pest species D. suzukii was found in all major agricultural regions of Georgia.

 Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their gratitude to the USAID agricultural program and its lead Dr. Louisa Namicheishvili for funding this project, the company Trécé, Inc., its president Bill Lindgren and Dr. Danielle Kirkpatrick for granting the monitoring traps and consulting, the Georgian National Food Agency and the head of the department of plant protection Dr. Nikoloz Meskhi for overall support of the project. We also would like to thank to the students of I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University (Luka Janjghava, Konstantine Buchukuri, Ani Kiria), Agricultural University of Georgia (Sandro Narsia), Batumi State University (Mariam Beridze, Salome Kalandadze, Nana Mamulaishvili), Kutaisi State University (Nino Tkeshelashvili, Lana Makalatia, Khatia Areshidze), Telavi State University (Ana Amonashvili, Mariam Aleksidze, Mariam Onikashvili) and their supervisors (Dr. Lali Jgenti, Dr. Maka Khetsuriani, Dr. Magda Davitashvili) for participation in the field works. We also express our gratitude to anonymous reviewers and Dr. Ximo Mengual and Dr. Levan Mumladze for revising the text and providing valuable comments.

 References BánkiORoskovYDöringMOwerGVandepitteLHobernDRemsenDSchalkPDeWaltREKepingMMillerJOrrellTAalbuRAdlardRAdriaenssensEMAedoCAeschtEAkkariNAlfenas-ZerbiniP (2022) Catalogue of Life Checklist (Version 2022-03-21). Catalogue of Life. BächliGVilelaCREscherASSauraA (2004) The Drosophilidae (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark.Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica39: 1–362. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047414681 GornostaevNG (1997) An addition to the fauna of drosophilid flies (Diptera, Drosophilidae) of Middle Asia, Kazakhstan and Transcaucasia.Russian entomological Journal5(1–4): 163–166. LeeJCBruckDJDrevesAJIoriattiCVogtHBaufeldP (2011) In Focus: Spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, across perspectives.Pest Management Science67: 1349–1351. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.2271 MyersNMittermeierRAMittermeierCGdaFonseca GABKentJ (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities.Nature403: 853–858. https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501 OboňaJDvořakLHaenniJPHrivniakLJaposhviliBJežekJKerimovaIMacaJMuranyiDRendošMSłowińskaISnegovayaIStaryJMankoP (2019) New and interesting records of Diptera from Azerbaijan and Georgia.Zoosistematica Rossica28(2): 277–295. https://doi.org/10.31610/zsr/2019.28.2.277 PappL (1973) Trágyalegyek – harmatlegyek – Sphaeroceridae – Drosophilidae. Magyarország Állatvilága 15(7) füzet. Diptera II, 145 pp. WalshDBBoldaMPGoodhueRDDrevesAJLeeJBruckDJWaltonVMO’NealSDZalomFG (2011) Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae): Invasive pest of ripening soft fruit expanding its geographic range and damage potential.Journal of Integrative Pest Management2(1): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1603/IPM10010 TarkhnishviliDChaladzeG (2013) Georgian biodiversity database. http://www.biodiversity-georgia.net/ [Accessed 14 April 2022] WilliamsLZazanasahviliNSanadiradzeGKandaurovA (2006) An ecoregional conservation plan for the Caucasus. WWF Caucasus Programme Office. Tbilisi, 220 pp. Supplementary materials 10.3897/caucasiana.1.e87258.suppl1 D77A151E-9CBF-5D17-90D3-5CCB9F8937D2

Table S1. Presence/absence data of drosophilid flies (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Georgia

https://doi.org/10.3897/caucasiana.1.e87258.suppl1

: .xlsx

 https://binary.pensoft.net/file/761737 This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited. Maka Murvanidze, George Japoshvili, Nino Inasaridze, Ferenc Deutsch